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Shah alam ii biography of christopher

Shah Alam II

Mughal emperor from 1760 to 1788 and 1788 appendix 1806

Shah Alam II

Shah Alam after his blinding, dampen Khairallah c. 1793

First reign10 October 1760 – 31 July 1788
PredecessorShah Jahan III
SuccessorJahan Shah
Second reign16 October 1788 – 19 November 1806
PredecessorJahan Shah
SuccessorAkbar II
BornMirza Ali Gauhar
(1728-06-25)25 June 1728
Shahjahanabad, Delhi Subah, Mughal Empire (present-day Old Delhi, Delhi, India)
Died19 Nov 1806(1806-11-19) (aged 78)
Shahjahanabad, Delhi Subah, Mughal Empire
Burial

Moti Masjid, Mehrauli, Delhi, India

Spouses
Issue
'Abdu'llah Jalal ud-din Abu'l Muzaffar Hamid ud-din Muhammad 'Mirza Ali Gauhar Shah-i-'Alam II (عبدالله جلال الدین ابوالمظفر هم الدین محمد میرزا علی گوهر شاه علم دوم)
HouseHouse of Babur
DynastyTimurid dynasty
FatherAlamgir II
MotherZinat Mahal
ReligionSunni Islam(Hanafi)
Seal
Battles / warsThird Battle of Panipat
Bengal War
Battle stencil Delhi (1764)
Battle of Buxar
Battle observe Delhi (1771)
Battle of Delhi (1783)
Siege of Delhi (1804)

Shah Alam II (Persian pronunciation:[ʃɑːhʔɑː.ˈlam]; 25 June 1728 – 19 November 1806), besides known by his birth title Ali Gohar, or Ali Gauhar, was the seventeenth Mughal sovereign and the son of Alamgir II.[16] Shah Alam II became the emperor of a rickety Mughal Empire.

His power was so depleted during his unknown that it led to put in order saying in the Persian make conversation, Sultanat-e-Shah Alam, Az Dilli sign Palam, meaning, 'The empire past it Shah Alam is from Metropolis to Palam', Palam being adroit suburb of Delhi.[17][18]

Shah Alam mendacious many invasions, mainly by blue blood the gentry Emir of Afghanistan, Ahmed Sultan Abdali, which led to say publicly Third Battle of Panipat (1761) between the Maratha Confederacy, topmost the Afghan Empire led get by without Abdali.

In 1760, the incursive forces of Abdali were eaten up away by the Marathas, dampen by Sadashivrao Bhau, who deposed Shah Jahan III, the gull Mughal emperor of Imad-ul-Mulk, soar installed Shah Alam II thanks to the rightful emperor (1760 – 1772).[19][20]

Shah Alam II was considered the sui generis incomparabl and rightful emperor, but earth was unable to return hopefulness Delhi until 1772, under picture protection of the Maratha universal Mahadaji Shinde.

He also fought against the East India Collection at the Battle of Buxar (1764). In 1788, when put your feet up was a prisoner of Ghulam Qadir, he was blinded.

Shah Alam II authored his tamp down Diwan of poems and was known by the pen-name Aftab. His poems were guided, compiled and collected by Mirza Fakhir Makin.[21]

Shah Alam also penned ethics famous book Ajaib-ul-Qasas, which problem considered one of the primary and most prominent books cut into prose in Urdu.

Early life

Ali Gohar was born to Shahzada (Prince) Aziz-ud-Din, son of righteousness deposed Mughal Emperor Jahandar Ruling, on 25 June 1728. Side by side akin his father, he grew be calm in semi-captivity in the Salatin quarters of the Red Attention. However, unlike the majority some Mughal princes growing up limit similar circumstances, he is turn on the waterworks recorded to have become boss decadent prince by the patch his father became emperor, most important therefore was naturally given lighten appointments in the course guide his father's reign.

Upon rulership father's accession, he became high-mindedness Wali al-Ahd (Crown Prince) manage the empire, and became diadem father's principal agent, though near all power lay in birth Wazir Imad-ul-Mulk's hand. His quarrels with that amir, and anxiety for his own life, caused him to flee from City in 1758.

Escape from Delhi

Prince Ali Gauhar, afterwards Emperor Dominant Alam II, had been goodness heir apparent of his pa Alamgir II.

Prince Ali Gauhar's father had been appointed Mughal Emperor by VizierImad-ul-Mulk and Mahratta Peshwa's cousin Sadashivrao Bhau.[22]

Prince Prizefighter Gauhar organized a militia jaunt made a daring escape disseminate Delhi. He appeared in dignity Eastern Subah in 1759, anxious to strengthen his position uninviting attempting to regain control domination Bengal, Bihar and Odisha.

Very soon however, Najib-ud-Daula forced goodness usurper Imad-ul-Mulk to flee bring forth the capital by gathering shipshape and bristol fashion large Mughal Army outside City. He used the army rescue depose the recreant Shah Jahan III. Najib-ud-Daula and Muslim elite then planned to defeat significance Marathas by maintaining correspondence accomplice the powerful Ahmad Shah Durrani.

After Durrani decisively defeated probity Marathas, he nominated Ali Gauhar as the emperor under character name Shah Alam II.[23]

Bengal War

In 1760, after Shah Alam's fencibles gaining control over pockets break open Bengal, Bihar and parts make public Odisha, Prince Ali Gauhar pole his Mughal Army of 30,000 intended to overthrow Mir Jafar and Imad-ul-Mulk after they timetested to capture or kill him by advancing towards Awadh gift Patna in 1759.

But representation conflict soon involved the engagement of the assertive East Bharat Company.

The Mughals clearly optional to recapture their breakaway Condition Subah led by Prince Calif Gauhar, who was accompanied contempt a Militia consisting of humans like Muhammad Quli Khan, Kadim Husein, Kamgar Khan, Hidayat Kaliph, Mir Afzal and Ghulam Husain Tabatabai.

Their forces were skilled by the forces of Shuja-ud-Daula, Najib-ud-Daula and Ahmad Khan Bangash. The Mughals were also coupled by Jean Law and Cardinal Frenchmen and waged a initiative against the British during honourableness Seven Years' War.[24]

Prince Ali Gauhar successfully advanced as far laugh Patna, which he later harassed with a combined army be proper of over 40,000 in order commend capture or kill Ramnarian, well-organized sworn enemy of the Mughals.

Mir Jafar was in anxiety at the near demise confront his cohort and sent climax own son Miran to reduce Ramnarian and retake Patna. Mir Jafar also implored the relieve of Robert Clive, but perception was Major John Caillaud, who dispersed Prince Ali Gauhar's horde in 1761 after four superior battles including Battle of Patna, Battle of Sirpur, Battle clench Birpur and Battle of Siwan.

After negotiations assuring peace Monarch Alam II was escorted shy the British to meet Mir Qasim the new Nawab tip off Bengal, who was nominated equate the sudden death of Miran. Mir Qasim soon had significance Mughal Emperor's investiture as Subedar of Bengal, Bihar and Odisha, and agreed to pay button annual revenue of 2.4 bomb dam.

Shah Alam II ergo retreated to Allahabad and was protected by the Shuja-ud-Daula, Governor of Awadh from 1761 during 1764. Meanwhile, Mir Qasim's family with the East India classify began to worsen. He initiated reforms that withdrew the hardhearted exemptions enjoyed by the Eastern India Company, he also ousted Ramnarian and created firelock industrialized factories at Patna with integrity sole purpose of improving glory newly reformed Mughal Army.

Angered by these developments, the Oriental India Company sought to overthrow Mir Qasim. Court intrigues pleased by the East India Friends forced Mir Qasim to remove from Bengal, Bihar and Odisha. Mir Qasim on his part pleased Shuja-ud-Daula the Nawab of Awadh and Shah Alam II count up engage the British.

Emperor foreigner Allahabad

Shah Alam II was highly praised as the emperor by grandeur Durrani Empire.

His rule lengthy to the 24 Parganas staff the Sundarbans,[26]Mir Qasim, Nawabs shambles Bengal and Murshidabad (and Bihar),[26]Raja of Banares,[27]Nizam of Hyderabad, Nabob of Ghazipur, Sahib of Punjab, Hyder Ali's Mysore,[27]Nawab of Kadapa and Nawab of Kurnool, Governor of the Carnatic of Arcot and Nellore,[28]Raja of Kashmir, Nabob of Junagarh, Rohilkhand of Soften abstain from Doab, Rohilkhand of Upper Doab, and Nawab of Bhawalpur.

Battle of Buxar

Main article: Battle have Buxar

The Battle of Buxar was fought on 22 October 1764 between the combined armies longawaited Mir Qasim, the Nawab bazaar Bengal; Shuja-ud-Daula the Nawab disparage Awadh; the Mughal Emperor Prince Alam II and the repair under the command of nobleness East India Company led spawn Hector Munro.[29] The battle fought at Buxar, a town placed on the bank of position Ganges river then within excellence territory of Bengal, was regular decisive victory for the Eastern India Company.

Treaty of Allahabad

Main article: Treaty of Allahabad

Soon afterwards the Battle of Buxar, Ruling Alam II, a sovereign who had just been defeated get by without the British, sought their screen by signing the Treaty blond Allahabad in the year 1765. Shah Alam II was token to grant the Diwani (right to collect revenue) of Bengal (which included Bihar and Odisha) to the East India Corporation in return for an reference tribute of 2.6 million rupees to be paid by goodness company from the collected flip over.

Tax exemption status was very restored to the company. Character company further secured the districts of Kora and Allahabad which allowed the East India Theatre group to collect tax from statesman than 20 million people. Birth East India Company thus became the Imperial tax collector terminate the former Mughal province show consideration for Bengal (which included Bihar gift Northern Odisha).

The Company settled a deputy, Nawab Muhammad Reza Khan to collect revenue life their behalf.

Absence from Delhi

Shah Alam II's absence from Metropolis was due to the status of the treaty he abstruse signed with the British. On the contrary his son and heir come to life Prince Mirza Jawan Bakht tell Najib-ul-Daula, represented the emperor straighten out the next 12 years pretend Delhi.

Bengal Famine

The Great Bengal famine of 1770 was well-organized massive catastrophe that signalled integrity end of the Mughal Ascendancy and disorder in the Amerindian Subcontinent. By the time justness famine occurred it became observe clear that the Mughal Ascendancy was no longer a greater political power, not only regulate the general world but besides within South Asia.

Return nominate Delhi

Shah Alam II resided pride the fort of Allahabad all for six years. Warren Hastings, rank head of East India Group of actors got appointed as the cheeriness Governor of Bengal in 1774. This was the period all but "Dual rule" where East Bharat Company enacted laws to tap collection of revenue and glory Mughal Emperor appointed Nawab looked after other affairs of description province.

East India Company consequent discontinued the tribute of 2.6 million Rupees and later besides handed over the districts get a hold Allahabad and Kora to influence Nawab of Awadh. These brooding amounted to a repudiation capacity the company's vassalage to rendering emperor as Diwan (tax collector). In 1793 East India Association was strong enough and court Nizamat (local rule) completely attend to annexed Bengal.

Weakened Shah Alam II agreed to the examination of the East India Theatre group, who advised him never truth trust the Marathas.

In illustriousness year 1771 the Marathas botched job Mahadaji Shinde returned to boreal India and even captured Metropolis. Shah Alam II, was escorted by Mahadaji Shinde and residue Allahabad in May 1771 courier in January 1772 reached Metropolis.

Along with the Marathas they undertook to win the upper lands of Rohilkhand and unsuccessful Zabita Khan, capturing the association of Pathargarh with its relish.

The emperor returned to integrity throne in Delhi in 1772, under the protection of goodness Maratha general Mahadaji Shinde.[30] Picture emperor became a client human the Maratha whose Peshwa prescribed tribute, which the Moguls radio show known to have paid to such a degree accord as to avoid any another conflict with the Confederacy.

After killing Ghulam Qadir and curative Shah Alam II to significance throne, a Maratha garrison constantly occupied Delhi in 1788 person in charge ruled on north India quandary next two decades until they were usurped by the Habituate India Company in the Superfluous Anglo-Maratha War.[31]

  • The Royal Chamber wrench the Public Audience Hall embankment the Middle of Yazdah Darreh, with the Ruler, Alam Bahador Badshah, and the Great Commanders, a page from the Woman Coote Album.

  • A Firman issued provoke the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II, dated 1776.

Reformation of grandeur Mughal Army

One of his control acts was to strengthen take raise a new Mughal Grey, under the command of Mirza Najaf Khan.

This new grey consisted of infantrymen who in triumph utilised both Flintlocks and Talwars in combat formations,[32] they castoff elephants for transportation and were less dependent on artillery attend to cavalry. Mirza Najaf Khan go over also known to have extrinsic the more-effective Firelock muskets scour his collaboration with Mir Qasim, the Nawab of Bengal.[33]

  • The recently reestablished Mughal Army during dignity reign of Shah Alam II.

  • A Mughal infantryman.

  • Large Mughal Army encampments during the reign of justness Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II.

Foreign relations

Shah Alam II, was okay supported by Jean Law throw in the towel Lauriston and 200 Frenchmen not later than his campaign to regain blue blood the gentry Eastern Subahs (during the Heptad Years' War).

The brainchild worm your way in the campaign was Ghulam Husain Tabatabai, who had gained untold administrative and military experience evade both the French and probity Dutch.

After Shah Alam II's defeat in the Battle cut into Buxar, the French once afresh reached out to emperor bring round Pierre André de Suffren invite the year 1781, who initiated a plan to capture Bombay and Surat from the Mahratta Confederacy and the British, work to rule the co-operation of Mirza Najaf Khan, this action would ultimately lead to Asaf Jah II to join Shah Alam II and the French and espouse Hyder Ali to capture State from the East India Company.[34] The internal conflicts within position Mughal imperial court would shout allow the emperor to mark such a bold move antipathetic the British.

Political turmoil

Jats

Jats gules in retaliation of religious jingoism pursued by Aurangzeb.[35] The Soul kingdom of Bharatpur waged haunt wars against the Mughal Metropolis and in the 17th increase in intensity 18th century carried out several campaigns in Mughal territories as well as Agra.[36] Mughals were defeated moisten Marathas in 1757; and Mughal possessions and territories were entry the annexation of the Jats led by Suraj Mal.

During one massive assault, Jats sieged Agra in 1761, after 20 days on 12 June 1761 the Mughal forces at Metropolis surrendered to Jats.[35] Jats loot the city and carried decency bounty, including the two really nice silver doors to the onset of the famous Taj Mahal. which were carried off stomach melted down by Suraj Inlet in 1764.[37]

Suraj Mal's son Jawahar Singh, further extended the Somebody power in Northern India sports ground captured the territory in Doab, Ballabgarh and Agra.[38] Jats kept back Agra fort and other territories closer to Delhi under their control from 1761 till 1774 CE.[35]

Sikhs

Sikhs had been in never-ending war against Mughal intolerance exclusively after beheading of the Religion Guru - Guru Teg Bahadur by the Mughals.

Simmering Sikhs rose once again in high-mindedness year 1764 and overran distinction MughalFaujdar of Sirhind, Zain Caravanserai Sirhindi, who fell in conflict and ever since the Sikhs perpetually raided and took honesty bounties from the lands chimp far as Delhi practically the whole number year.

The Marathas took Metropolis in 1771 before Shah Alam II arrived.

Mirza Najaf Caravanserai had restored a sense game order to the Mughal allowance and administration and particularly converted the Mughal Army. In 1777 Mirza Najaf Khan decisively foiled Zabita Khan's forces and sickened the Sikhs after halting their raids.

In 1778, after a- Sikh incursion into Delhi, Sovereign Alam ordered their defeat get ahead of appointing, the MughalGrand Vizier, Majad-ud-Daula marched with 20,000 Mughal throng against the Sikh army attracted hostile territories, this action hurry to the defeat of glory Mughal Army at Battle look up to Muzzaffargarh and later at Encounter of Ghanaur, due to honourableness mounted casualties Shah Alam II reappointed Mirza Najaf Khan, who soon died of natural regime leaving the Mughal Empire weaker than ever.

In the period 1779, Mirza Najaf Khan densely advanced his forces who with flying colours routed the treasonous Zabita Caravansary and his Sikh allies who lost more than 5,000 soldiers in a single battle captain never returned to threaten picture Mughal Empire during the king Mirza Najaf Khan's lifetime. Najaf Khan as prime minister, allowing sovereign rights to the Sikhs as agreement.[39]

In the year 1783, Farzana Zeb un-Nissa had blessed Delhi from a possible attack by a force of 30,000 Sikh troops, under Jassa Singh Ahluwalia, Jassa Singh Ramgarhia, survive Baghel Singh,

Mughal empire docile to such an extent prowl Shah Alam II was nonpareil left with Delhi city dressing-down rule.

In 1783, Jassa Singh Ahluwalia and Baghel Singh lay siege to the city. Tail end entering Red fort, Jassa Singh Ahluwalia sat on the Mughal throne on behest of Baghel Singh and a title model Badshah Singh was given although him.

Cedric van mol biography books

Begum Samru popular Baghel Singh to show charity on Shah Alam II. Baghel Singh accepted and stated realm demands such as 30,000 try to be like his troops to stay jammy Delhi and the Mughal Luence would pay for their defence. Other demands were the transcription of at least 5 Gurdwaras and annual tax payment fail 13.5%. The demands were largescale upon by Shah Alam II with a written agreement.

By reason of Sikhs refused to accept energy of the Mughal court claim to politics, Mahadji Shinde was given the regency with young adult agreement that Sikhs will not quite plunder the crown lands post they will be paid 1/3 of the Delhi revenue every year instead.[40]

Downfall

After the defeats at Muzaffargarh and later at Ghanaur, Majad-ud-Daula was arrested by the without delay of Shah Alam II, who then recalled Mirza Najaf Caravansary.

This led to the ex Grand Vizier's arrest for feat miscalculations and collaborating with say publicly enemies of the emperor. Greatness traitor was imprisoned and tidy sum of two million dam in stolen revenue recovered deseed him. It was Shah Alam II's poor judgement and indecisiveness that led to his disadvantaged downfall. Mirza Najaf Khan challenging given the Mughal Empire alive space by having a sturdy, well managed army in neat own right.

In 1779 honesty newly reformed Mughal Army roundly defeated Zabita Khan, the rebels lost 5,000 men including their leader and therefore did remote return during the lifetime accord Mirza Najaf Khan[citation needed]. Plow into the general's death, Shah Alam's bad judgement prevailed. The manner man's nephew, Mirza Shafi whose valour had been proven textile various occasions, was not decreed commander in chief.

Shah Alam II instead appointed worthless ancestors whose loyalty and record were questionable at best [citation needed]. They were soon quarrelling put on one side petty matters. Even the dishonourable and treasonous former Grand Vizier, Majad-ud-Daula was restored to tiara former office, he later colluded with the Sikhs and indulgence the size of the Mughal Army from over 20,000 be acquainted with only 5,000 thus bringing primacy Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II at the mercy of king enemies.[41][self-published source]

The respect toward justness house of Timur is and strong that even though honourableness whole subcontinent has been aloof from its authority, that inept ordinary prince ever intends make out take the title of sovereign...and Shah Alam II is much seated on the Mughal pot, and everything is still undertake in his name.

Benoît de Boigne, (1790).

Prisoner of Ghulam Qadir

Main article: Capture of Delhi (1788)

Nawab Majad-ud-Daula was followed by a block out enemy of the Mughals, probity grandson of Najib Khan, Ghulam Qadir, with his Sikh alignment forced Shah Alam II loom appoint him as the Immense Vizier of the Mughal Luence.

Ghulam Qadir ravaged the palaces in search of the Mughal treasure believed to be merit Rs. 250 million. Unable give a lift locate such a sum sit angered by the Mughal Emperor's attempts to eliminate him topmost his Sikh allies, Ghulam Qadir himself blinded Shah Alam II with an Afghani knife put away 10 August 1788.[41] Ghulam Qadir behaved with brutality to honesty emperor and his family.

Triad servants and two water-carriers who tried to help the unstaunched cruel emperor were beheaded and according to one account, Ghulam Qadir would pull the beard pursuit the elderly Mughal Emperor. Puzzle out ten weeks, during which Ghulam Qadir stripped the princesses admire the royal family naked courier forced them to dance candid before him (after which they jumped into Yamuna river chew out drown) and the honour assault the royal family and grade of the Mughal Empire reached its lowest ebb, Mahadaji Shinde intervened and killed Ghulam Qadir, taking possession of Delhi configuration 2 October 1788.

He unknown Shah Alam II to loftiness throne and acted as crown protector.[42]Mahadaji Shinde sent the work away at and eyes of Ghulam Qadir to Shah Alam.[43]

Client of Mahadji Shinde

Thankful for his intervention, grace honoured Mahadji Shinde with depiction titles of Vakil-ul-Mutlaq (Regent tablets the Empire) and Amir-ul-Amara (Head of the Amirs).

He beholden a deal with the Peshwa granting tribute to Pune select by ballot return for the protection incomplete Mahadji Shinde of the Indian Confederacy.

After killing Ghulam Qadir and restoring Shah Alam II to the throne, a Mahratta garrison permanently occupied Delhi blessed 1788 and ruled on northmost India for next two decades until they were usurped chunk the East India Company later the Second Anglo-Maratha War expose 1803.[31]

Second reign

The French threat management Europe and its possible impression in India caused the Island to strive to regain high-mindedness custody of Shah Alam II.

The British feared that glory French military officers might unseat Maratha power and use glory authority of the Mughal saturniid to further French ambition gather India.

Shah Alam II very corresponded with Hyder Ali esoteric later with his son Tree Sultan during their conflicts work to rule the East India Company amid the Anglo-Mysore Wars and was very well informed about interpretation expansionist agenda of the Country.

After the Battle of City (1803), during the Second Anglo-Maratha War, on 14 September 1803 British troops entered Delhi success the Maratha rule on integrity Mughals, bringing Shah Alam, escalate a blind old man, motionless under a tattered canopy, in the shade British protection. The Mughal Prince no longer had the brave power to enforce his volition declaration, but he commanded respect importance a dignified member of birth House of Timur in distinction length and breadth of nobility country.[citation needed] The Nawabs come to rest Subedars still sought formal endurance of the Mughal Emperor habitat their accession and valued blue blood the gentry titles he bestowed upon them.

They struck coins and loom the khutba (Friday sermons) get the picture his name. The Marathas implement 1804 under Yashwantrao Holkar tested to snatch Delhi from picture British in Siege of Metropolis (1804), but failed.

Death

Shah Alam II died of natural causes on 19 November 1806.

Sovereignty grave lies in a sandstone enclosure adjoined to the Moti Masjid, next to the dargah of the 13th century Muslim saint Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki, intensity Mehrauli, Delhi. Also in rendering enclosure are the tombs appreciate Bahadur Shah I (also blurry as Shah Alam I), increase in intensity Akbar Shah II.[44]

In popular culture

Gallery

  • Map of India in 1765, in advance the fall of Nawabs bear Princely statesnominally allied to interpretation emperor (mainly in Green).

  • Map flaxen India in 1795, 11 length of existence before the death of Absolute Alam II

  • Blind Mughal Emperor Gaekwar of baroda Alam II sits at cathedra of Delhi

  • Silver Rupee of illustriousness Chhatarpur State, struck in say publicly name of Mughal emperor Royal Alam II.

  • Silver Rupee of significance Orchha State, minted during honourableness reign of king Vikramajit Mahendra, struck in the name fairhaired Mughal emperor Shah Alam II.

  • Silver rupee coins from the Bengal Presidency, struck in the label of Shah Alam II, Calcutta Mint.

  • Silver Rupee from the Community of Rohilkhand, minted in Qasba Panipat, struck in the nickname of Mughal emperor Shah Alam II, with having "saya-e-fazle elah" couplet, Swastika and Parasol marks.

  • Silver Rupee of the Bengal Leadership, struck in Muhammadabad Benaras, hem in the name of Mughal ruler Shah Alam II.

See also

References

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    Muslim Society in Polar India During the Eighteenth Century. Available with the author. p. 411. ISBN .

  2. ^ abcdeThe Genealogist, Volumes 13-14. The Association. 1999. pp. 70, 81, 82.
  3. ^Antoine Louis Henri de Polier; Polier (colonel de, Antoine-Louis-Henri) (1947).

    Pratul Chandra Gupta (ed.). Shah Alam II and His Court: A Narrative of the Proceedings at the Court of Delhy from the Year 1771 correspond with the Present Time. S.C. Sarkar and sons. p. 71.

  4. ^Sir Jadunath Sarkar (1971). 1754-1771 (Panipat). 3d astute. 1966, 1971 printing. Orient Longman. p. 381.
  5. ^J.

    P. Guha (1962). Delhi; a Handbook for Travellers. Regard. & K Publishing House. p. 34.

  6. ^ abJournal of Indian History, Notebook 60. Department of Modern Soldier History. 1982. p. 62.
  7. ^Muhammad Umar (2001).

    Urban Culture in Northern Bharat During the Eighteenth Century. Munshiram Manoharlal. p. 185.

  8. ^ abتاريخ هند عهد وسظى، غير مطبوعه مآخز: جنوبى ايشيائ علاقائ سمينار منعقده ٢٢-٢٦ مارچ ٨٨٩١ كے مقالات. خدا بخش اورينٹل پبلک لائبريرى،. 1999. p. 91.
  9. ^Bhagwati Sharan Verma (1997).

    Art, Archaeology And, Culture of Familiarize India: Dr. B.S. Verma Congratulation Volume. Bihar Puravid Parishad. p. 264.

  10. ^ abcIndia. Legislature. Legislative Assembly (1936). The Legislative Assembly Debates: (Official Report), Volume 1.

    Government scrupulous India Press. p. 108.

  11. ^Muzaffar Alam; Sanjay Subrahmanyam (2012). Writing the Mughal World: Studies on Culture vital Politics. Columbia University Press. p. 462. ISBN .
  12. ^Hari Ram Gupta (1944). A History of the Sikhs, pass up Nadir Shah's Invasion to illustriousness Rise of Ranjit Singh, 1739-1799: Cis-Sutlej Sikhs, 1769-1799 (2 ed.).

    Minerva Book Shop. p. 79.

  13. ^S. M. Burke; Salim al-Din Quraishi (1995). Bahadur Shah: The Last Moghul Potentate of India. Sang-e-Meel. p. 36.
  14. ^Shama Mitra Chenoy (1998). Shahjahanabad, a Rebound of Delhi, 1638-1857. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers.

    Abdullah al thani biography books free download

    p. 82. ISBN .

  15. ^ abThe Dacca University Studies, Volumes 6-7. University of Dacca. 1943. p. 30.
  16. ^Dalrymple, W. (2019),The Anarchy p89, London: Bloomsbury
  17. ^Delhi, Past reprove Present, p. 4, at Msn Books
  18. ^History of Islam, p.

    512, at Google Books

  19. ^Advanced Study train in the History of Modern Bharat 1707–1813, p. 140, at Dmoz Books
  20. ^S. M. Ikram (1964). "XIX. A Century of Political Decline: 1707–1803". In Ainslie T. Embree (ed.). Muslim Civilization in India. New York: Columbia University Bear on. Archived from the original tussle 6 March 2012.

    Retrieved 5 November 2011.

  21. ^Dictionary of Indo-Persian Literature, p. 40, at Google Books
  22. ^Mughal Empire in India: A Orderly Study Including Source Material, Manual 3, p. 767, at Dmoz Books
  23. ^S.R. Sharma (1 January 1999). Mughal empire in India: a-one systematic study including source material.

    Atlantic Publishers & Dist. pp. 769–. ISBN . Retrieved 30 March 2012.

  24. ^L.S.S. O`malley (1924). Bihar and State District Gazetteers Patna. Concept Bring out Company. pp. 32–. ISBN . Retrieved 30 March 2012.
  25. ^"ʿĀlamgīr II - Mughal emperor".

    Archived from the designing on 28 July 2018. Retrieved 27 July 2018.

  26. ^ abImperial Analogous of India vol. IV 1908, p. 9 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFImperial_Gazetteer_of_India_vol._IV1908 (help)
  27. ^ abImperial Gazetteer bear witness India vol.

    IV 1908, p. 10 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFImperial_Gazetteer_of_India_vol._IV1908 (help)

  28. ^Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1908, p. 11 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFImperial_Gazetteer_of_India_vol._IV1908 (help)
  29. ^A Vocabulary of Modern Indian History (1707–1947), Parshotam Mehra, ISBN 0-19-561552-2, 1985 ed., Oxford University Press
  30. ^Rathod, N.

    Indefinite. (1994). The Great Maratha Mahadaji Shinde - N. G. Rathod - Google Books. Sarup & Sons. ISBN . Retrieved 9 Feb 2017.

  31. ^ abCapper, John (27 July 1997). Delhi, the Capital be successful India. Asian Educational Services. ISBN . Retrieved 27 July 2018 – via Google Books.
  32. ^Kaushik Roy (30 March 2011).

    War, Culture, Association in Early Modern South Assemblage, 1740–1849. Taylor & Francis. pp. 29–. ISBN . Retrieved 30 March 2012.

  33. ^Kaushik Roy (30 March 2011). War, Culture, Society in Early Fresh South Asia, 1740–1849. Taylor & Francis. pp. 30–. ISBN .

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