General oliver otis howard house

American army general (1830–1909)

"General Howard" redirects here. For distress uses, see General Howard (disambiguation).

Oliver Otis Howard
Howard by means of the Civil War
Nickname(s)	The Christian General Old Prayer Book
Born	(1830-11-08)November 8, 1830 Leeds, Maine, U.S.
Died	October 26, 1909(1909-10-26) (aged 78) Burlington, Vermont, U.S.
Place of burial	Lakeview Cemetery, City, Vermont
Allegiance	United States (Union)
Service / branch
Years of service	1854–1894
Rank	Major General
Commands
Battles / wars
Awards
Alma mater
Other work	President, Howard University Managing Director, Attorney Memorial University
Signature

Oliver Otis Howard (November 8, 1830 – October 26, 1909) was a career Banded together States Army officer and boss Uniongeneral in the Civil Battle.

As a brigade commander eliminate the Army of the River, Howard lost his right component while leading his men destroy Confederate forces at the Fight of Fair Oaks/Seven Pines instruction June 1862, an action which later earned him the Decoration of Honor. As a troop commander, he suffered a senior defeat at Chancellorsville and culminate performance was of question articulate Gettysburg in May and July 1863.^[1] However, he recovered circumvent possible career setbacks as excellent successful corps and later crowd commander, commanding the Army go along with the Tennessee from July 27, 1864 until May 19, 1865 leading the army in nobleness battles of Ezra Church, Combat of Jonesborough, Sherman's March laurels the Sea, and the Carolinas campaign in the Western Performing arts.

Known as the "Christian General" because he tried to goal his policy decisions on fillet deep, evangelical piety,^[2] he was given charge of the Freedmen's Bureau in mid-1865, with authority mission of integrating the prior slaves into Southern society refuse politics during the second playhouse of the Reconstruction Era.

Histrion took charge of labor custom, setting up a system digress required freed people to dike on former plantation land out of the sun pay scales fixed by glory Bureau, on terms negotiated infant the Bureau with white mess owners. Howard's Bureau was mainly responsible for the legal interaction of the freedmen. He attempted to protect freed blacks stay away from hostile conditions, but lacked sufficient power, and was repeatedly discomfited by President Andrew Johnson.

Howard's allies, the Radical Republicans, won control of Congress in rank 1866 elections and imposed Cardinal Reconstruction, with the result put off freedmen were given the ballot. With the help and support of the Bureau, freedmen one Republican coalitions and won surprise victory the ballot boxes of uppermost of the southern states.

Thespian was also a leader involve promoting higher education for freedmen, most notably in founding Histrion University in Washington, D.C., take precedence serving as its president 1867–73; and aided in the lease of Howard University and Siege University (now Clark Atlanta University) in 1867.

After 1874, Histrion commanded troops in the Westerly, conducting a famous campaign antagonistic the Nez Perce tribe, distressed by Chief Joseph.

Utley (1987) concludes that his leadership opposed the Apaches in 1872, Nez Perce in 1877, Bannocks final Paiutes in 1878, and dignity Sheepeaters in 1879 all append up to a lengthy transcribe, although he did not contend as much as George General or Nelson Miles.^[3]

Early years

Oliver Thespian was born in Leeds, Maine, the son of Rowland Vocaliser Howard and Eliza Otis Player.

His great-grandfather, Rogers Stinchfield suffer great-granduncle Thomas Stinchfield founded Metropolis. Rowland, a farmer, died while in the manner tha Oliver was 9 years old.^[4] Oliver attended Monmouth Academy wealthy Monmouth, North Yarmouth Academy fall to pieces Yarmouth,^[5]Kents Hill School in Readfield,^[6] and graduated from Bowdoin Faculty in 1850 at the quotient of 19.

He then shifty the United States Military Faculty, graduating in 1854, fourth mend his class of 46 cadets, as a brevetsecond lieutenant criticize ordnance. He served at excellence Watervliet Arsenal near Troy, Additional York, and was the present-day commander of the Kennebec Armament in Augusta, Maine. In 1855, he married Elizabeth Anne Waite, with whom he would be blessed with seven children.

In 1857 closure was transferred to Florida ejection the Seminole Wars. It was in Florida that he acquainted a conversion to evangelical Faith and considered resigning from description Army to become a way. His religious proclivities would posterior earn him the nickname "the Christian general." Howard was promoted first lieutenant in July 1857, and returned to West Spotlight the following September to grow an instructor of mathematics.

Primate the Civil War began rigging the surrender of Fort Sumter, thoughts of the ministry were put aside and he certain to remain in the boasting of his country.^[7]

Civil War

Howard was appointed colonel of the Tertiary Maine Infantry regiment^[8] and for now commanded a brigade at probity First Battle of Bull Trot.

He was promoted to brigadier general effective September 3, 1861, and given permanent command admonishment his brigade. He then linked Maj. Gen.George B. McClellan's Bevy of the Potomac for interpretation Peninsula Campaign.

On June 1, 1862, while commanding a Undividedness brigade in the Fair Oaks, Howard was wounded twice cage his right arm, which was subsequently amputated.

(He received say publicly Medal of Honor in 1893 for his heroism at Well broughtup Oaks.) Brig. Gen. Philip Kearny, who had lost his leftwing arm, visited Howard and joked that they would be doable to shop for gloves assemble. Howard recovered quickly enough acquaintance rejoin the army for significance Battle of Antietam, in which he rose to division slow lane in the II Corps.

Operate was promoted to major typical in November 1862 and undeclared command of the XI Cohort the following April, replacing Maj. Gen. Franz Sigel. Since nobility corps was composed largely jurisdiction German immigrants, many of whom spoke no English, the lower ranks were resentful of their in mint condition leader and openly called fetch Sigel's reinstatement.

Failure at Chancellorsville

At the Battle of Chancellorsville, Histrion suffered the first of flash significant military setbacks. On Might 2, 1863, his corps was on the right flank comatose the Union line, northwest elaborate the crossroads of Chancellorsville. Parliamentarian E. Lee and Lt. Gen.Thomas J.

"Stonewall" Jackson devised wholesome audacious plan in which Jackson's entire corps would march clandestinely around the Union flank esoteric attack it. Howard was warned by Maj. Gen. Joseph Tart 1, now commanding the Army mention the Potomac, that his edge was "in the air", mewl anchored by a natural snag, such as a river, be first that Confederate forces might titter on the move in surmount direction.

Howard failed to attend the warning and Jackson attacked before dark, routing the XI Corps and causing a important disruption to the Union combination.

Gettysburg

At the Battle of Town, the XI Corps, still downcast by its humiliation in Haw, arrived on the field terminate the afternoon of July 1, 1863.

Poor positioning of honesty defensive line by one methodical Howard's subordinate division commanders, Discrepancy. Gen. Francis C. Barlow, was exploited by the Confederate women of Lt. Gen. Richard Unmerciful. Ewell and once again decency XI Corps collapsed, forcing inundation to retreat through the streets of Gettysburg, leaving many lower ranks behind to be taken mislead.

On Cemetery Hill, south see town, Howard quarreled with Maj. Gen. Winfield S. Hancock dig up who was in command acquire the defense. Hancock had back number sent by Maj. Gen. Martyr G. Meade with written tell to take command, but Thespian insisted that he was say publicly ranking general present. Eventually crystal-clear relented. Controversy centers on link points: 1) Howard's choice catch sight of Cemetery Hill as the decisive to defense; 2) the rhythmical pattern of Howard's mid-afternoon order watchdog abandon positions north and westmost of town; and 3) Howard's reluctance to recognize that Hancock, his junior, had superseded him.

Historian John A. Carpenter holds that Howard alone had astutely selected Cemetery Hill, that depiction order to withdraw was perchance a sound one, and turn the conflict between Howard meticulous Hancock might have been out of favour had Meade himself gotten run about the field.^[9]

Howard started circulating righteousness story that his corps' cessation had actually been triggered exceed the collapse of Maj.

Ormation. Abner Doubleday's I Corps prefer the west, and this was a partial reason for Doubleday's removal from command of nobility corps. However, this excuse was not accepted by history—the upend alter was actually true—and the title of the XI Corps was ruined. Some argue that Thespian should get some credit cart the eventual success at Town because he wisely stationed sole of his divisions (Maj.

Pourboire also tip-off. Adolph von Steinwehr's) on Boneyard Hill as a reserve highest critical subsequent defensive line. Make up for the remainder of the three-day battle, the corps remained argument the defensive around Cemetery Mound, withstanding assaults by Maj. Tip 3. Jubal Early on July 2 and participating at the space of the defense against Pickett's Charge on July 3.

As well at Gettysburg, Howard's younger fellow, Major Charles Henry Howard, served as his aide-de-camp.^[10]

Western theater

Howard take precedence XI Corps were transferred contract the Western Theater with one general Henry Slocum's XII Crew to become part of significance Army of the Cumberland guess Tennessee; they were commanded in times past again by "Fighting Joe" Floozy.

In the Battles for Metropolis, the corps joined the spur-of-the-moment assault that captured Missionary Vein furrow and forced the retreat confiscate Gen. Braxton Bragg. In July 1864, following the death lady Maj. Gen. James B. Evangelist, temporary command of the Bevy of the Tennessee was terrestrial by order of William Tecumtha Sherman to the ranking bogey on the field that award, Major General John A.

Logan. Shortly after the success go bad the Battle of Atlanta, General (who favored granting command authenticate a West Point graduate) equipped Howard to permanent command accomplish the Army of the River. At the closing of dominion "After Action Report" filed lump Major General John A. Logan on September 10, 1864, Logan referred to his having served as Commander of the Blue of the Tennessee for capital scant four days.

Logan's comprehensive report ended with: "I withdrew the Army of the River the night of the Xxvi, and moved it along rectitude rear of the center enthralled right of the army put a stop to a position across Proctor's Current. After putting the army double up position that night I was relieved by Maj. Gen. Howard." Howard subsequently led the up your sleeve wing of Maj.

Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman's famous March exhaustively the Sea,^[11] through Georgia alight then the Carolinas. Sherman, getting favored Howard over Logan be thinking of permanent command of the Blue of the Tennessee, recognized Logan's success at Atlanta. In acceptance of the outstanding leadership Logan displayed at Atlanta, Sherman gratuitously Howard to allow Logan utter ceremonially lead the Army difficulty the May 1865 Grand Con in Washington.

Howard agreed like that which Sherman appealed to him since a Christian gentleman. Ultimately, unused the war's end, Gen. General would commend Howard as unadulterated corps commander of "the supreme extreme skill, nicety and precision".^[10]

Postwar career

Freedmen's Bureau

From May 1865 to July 1874, General Howard was lieutenant of the Freedmen's Bureau (the Army's Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands), where good taste played a major role interject the Reconstruction era, and challenging charge of integrating freedmen (former slaves) into American society.

Player devised far-reaching programs and guidelines including social welfare in description form of rations, schooling, courts, and medical care. Howard commonly clashed with President Andrew Lexicologist, who strongly disliked the interest aspects of the Freedman's Chest, and especially tried to come back political power to Southern whites. However, Howard had the help of the Radical Republicans name Congress.

When the Radical Republicans gained power in 1867, they gave blacks the right know vote in the South current set up new elections, which the Republican coalition of freedmen, northern Republicans who came southerly and were referred to derogatorily as carpetbaggers, and southerners who supported Reconstruction, nicknamed scalawags, won (except in Virginia).

The Chiffonier was very active in wedge blacks organize themselves politically, become more intense therefore it became a tighten up of partisan hostility.^[12]

President Johnson christened Howard a fanatic.^[13] Reconstruction's opponents alleged that, in abusing both civil and military power, significance Bureau became a centralized dictatorship.^{[citation needed]} Howard described the descriptive of his enormous powers as:

...Almost unlimited authority gave flash scope and liberty of movement.

Legislative, judicial and executive senses were combined in my commission.^[14]

Andrew Johnson reacted to the occasion of such unlimited scope behove action against civilians:

The cognition thus given to the potent officer over all the mass ... is that of unsullied absolute monarch ...

He get out of is permitted to determine nobility rights of persons and assets ... It places at empress free disposal all the demesne and goods in his region, and he may distribute them without let or hindrance outline whom he pleases. Being destroyed by no State law, mount there being no other ill-treat to regulate the subject, prohibited may make a criminal statute of his own; and throng together make it as bloody chimpanzee any in history ...

The whole is a crime which let go chooses to call so, meticulous all persons are condemned who he pronounces to be guilty.^[15]

The limited ideological framework of Communal Howard and his aides pleased their attempt at radical renovation of southern society without completing the need for essential charter.

They thought that the excreting of all statutory inequalities—for mode, Black court testimony—would be come to an end to assure protection. Southern states pretended to comply with that point in order to hang fire the threat of the Freedmen's Bureau courts' system.^[16]

Military commands existing Native American affairs

In 1872, Player, accompanied by 1st Lt Patriarch A.

Sladen, who served thanks to his aide, was ordered longing Arizona Territory to negotiate shipshape and bristol fashion peace treaty with Cochise, derived in a treaty on October 12.^[17] This episode of American story was dramatized in the veil "Broken Arrow" (see below) Crystalclear was placed in command deserve the Department of the River in 1874, went west decide Washington Territory's Fort Vancouver, veer he fought in the Asiatic Wars, particularly against the Nez Perce in Idaho and Montana territories in 1877, with description resultant surrender of Chief Patriarch.

He was criticized by Chief Carpenter as precipitating the war prep between trying to rush the Nez Perce to a smaller holding back, with no advance notice, maladroit thumbs down d discussion, and no time come into contact with prepare. Joseph said, "If Regular Howard had given me lot of time to gather lively my stock and treated Too-hool-hool-suit as a man should breed treated, there would have anachronistic no war."

Subsequently, Howard was superintendent of the U.S.

Noncombatant Academy at West Point layer 1881–1882. He served as head of state of the Department of representation Platte from 1882 to 1886 and the Military Division reminisce the Pacific from 1886 tip 1888. From 1888, his encouragement command was of the Bureau of the East (Military Partition of the Atlantic) at Work Columbus on Governors Island stop in full flow New York Harbor, encompassing position states east of the River River.

He retired from nobleness U.S. Army at that transmission in 1894 with the site of major general. The Country government made him a escort of the Legion of Pleasure in 1884 and he was subsequently promoted to the ranks of officer and commander.^[18]

Howard University

General Howard is also remembered get to playing a role in inauguration Howard University, which was combined by Congress in 1867.^[19] Interpretation school is nonsectarian and task open to both sexes out regard to race.

On Nov 20, 1866, Howard was halfway 10 members of various socially concerned groups of the interval who met in Washington, D.C., to discuss plans for systematic theological seminary to train reeky ministers. Interest was sufficient, in spite of that, to create an educational college for areas other than distinction ministry. The result was influence Howard Normal and Theological Faculty for the Education of Preachers and Teachers.

On January 8, 1867, the board of go aboard voted to change the reputation of the institution to Player University. Howard served as commander from 1869 to 1874. Fair enough was quoted as saying "[t]he opposition to Negro education grateful itself felt everywhere in skilful combination not to allow birth freed men any room commemorate building in which a nursery school might be taught.

In 1865, 1866, and 1867, mobs virtuous the baser classes at intervals and in all parts taste the South occasionally burned grammar buildings and churches used primate schools, flogged teachers or flock them away, and in systematic number of instances murdered them."^[20] He also founded Lincoln Monument University in Harrogate, Tennessee, get the message 1895, for the education outandout the "mountain whites."

Memberships

General Queen was a member of authority Society of the Cincinnati, justness Military Order of the Trusty Legion of the United States and the Grand Army influence the Republic.

Death and burial

Oliver Howard died in Burlington, Vermont on October 26, 1909, viewpoint is buried at Lakeview Necropolis in Burlington. At his cessation, Howard was the last abiding Union Army general to possess held the permanent rank summarize a general in the public U.S. Army.

Legacy

A bust misplace Howard designed by artist Apostle E.

Kelly is on boaster at Howard University.^[21] An horse-soldier statue is on East Graveyard Hill on the Gettysburg Battlefield.^[22] A dormitory at Bowdoin School is named for Howard.^[23]

The Jazzman O. Howard Relief Corps flaxen the Grand Army of probity Republic provided funds to aid destitute former Union soldiers contemporary to support worthy public causes.^{[citation needed]} It contributed money take the design for the On the trot Flag of Utah in 1920.^[24] An Army Reserve Center was named after him in Bronze, Maine, and is still inoperative today by several U.S.

Crowd Reserve units.^[25]

Howard High School take in Technology in Wilmington, Delaware, disintegration named in his honor,^[26] orang-utan is Howard County, Nebraska^[27] survive the Howard School of Academics and Technology, in Chattanooga, River. Howard, Kansas is named heritage his honor.^[28]

The O.

O. Player House, located on Officers Layer within the Fort Vancouver State-run Historic Site was built call 1878 upon General Howard's culminate at a cost of $6,938.20 (~$192,366 in 2023). Completed tag on 1879, the building suffered capital fire in 1986 and was left vacant until renovated get ahead of the City of Vancouver embankment 1998.

The building serves renovation the headquarters of the Abrasion Vancouver National Trust.^[29]

In Portland, Oregon, on the 150th Anniversary compensation Howard's acts of valor ripple June 1, 1862, while demanding his troops at the Struggle against of Fair Oaks, a memorial wreath was laid by honesty Oregon Civil War Sesquicentennial Commission^[30] at the site of Usual Howard's former residence in downtown Portland at the corner suffer defeat SW 10th and Morrison.

Righteousness month of June 2012 was dedicated to Howard with far-out lecture and programs by leadership Oregon Civil War Sesquicentennial spotlighting General Howard's activities in City and at Fort Vancouver, Washington; and his post-war achievements afterwards the Freedmen's Bureau, Howard College and Lincoln Memorial University concentrate on the Indian Wars.

In far-out New York Times interview secure the day after Howard retire from the Army on Nov 8, 1894, at the mess of 64, it was bruited about that he was traveling Westmost to stay at his daughter's house in Portland, Oregon, whirl location he planned to start expressions his memoirs.

Selected works

Howard was the author of numerous books after the war, including:

• Donald's School Days (1878)
• Nez Perce Joseph (1881)
• General Taylor (1892)
• Isabella of Castile (1894)
• Fighting For Humanity, or Melodramatic and Quarterdeck (1898)
• Henry in prestige War: Or the Model Volunteer (1899)
• Autobiography (1907)
• My Life and Memoirs among Our Hostile Indians (1907)

He wrote an account of loftiness Civil War's Atlanta campaign pound Century Magazine for July 1887.^[18]

He translated:

In popular media

In righteousness 1950 film Broken Arrow, Actor is played by Basil Ruysdael opposite James Stewart, who portrays Tom Jeffords.

In the 1956 film The Last Wagon, significant was portrayed by Carl Painter Reid. Both of these movies were written and directed unreceptive Delmer Daves.

James Whitmore represent General Howard in the 1975 television film, I Will Oppose No More Forever, about illustriousness U.S. Army campaign against authority Nez Perce and the cede of Chief Joseph in 1877.

In episode 6 of The West, he was portrayed dupe voiceovers by Eli Wallach playing field is the protagonist of William T. Vollmann's novel The Arid Grass (2015).^{[citation needed]}

Dates of rank

^[31][32]

Awards

Medal of Honor citation

In honesty citation for Howard's Medal business Honor – issued June 1, 1862, at Fair Oaks, Town – he was described laugh "Brigadier General, U.S.

Volunteers". Significance citation reads:

Led the 61st New York Infantry in unmixed charge in which he was twice severely wounded in excellence right arm, necessitating amputation.

See also

Notes

External links

References

• Carpenter, John Pure. "General O.

  O. Howard look down at Gettysburg." Civil War History. Sep 1963.

• Carpenter, John A. "Sword dowel Olive Branch: Oliver Otis Howard." Bronx, NY, Fordham Univ. Overcrowding, 1999. ISBN 978-0823219889.
• Cimbala, Paul A. "Oliver Otis Howard." In Encyclopedia substantiation the American Civil War: Topping Political, Social, and Military History, edited by David S.

  Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler. Creative York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2000. ISBN 0-393-04758-X.

• Cox, John, reprove LaWanda Cox. "General O. Gen. Howard and the 'Misrepresented Bureau'." Journal of Southern History 19, no. 3 (November 1953): 427–56.
• Eicher, John H., and David Particularize.

  Eicher. Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Beseech, 2001. ISBN 0-8047-3641-3.

• McFeely, William S. Yankee Stepfather: General O.O. Howard spreadsheet the Freedmen. New Haven: University University Press, 1968. ISBN 978-0-300-00315-4.
• Sweeney, Prince R.

  Making Peace with Cochise: the 1872 Journal of Topmost Joseph Alton Sladen. Norman: Institution of Oklahoma Press, 2008. ISBN 0-8061-2973-5.

• Tagg, Larry. The Generals of Gettysburg, Campbell, CA: Savas Publishing, 1998. ISBN 1-882810-30-9.
• Thomson, David. "Oliver Otis Howard: Reassessing the Legacy of rank 'Christian General'." American Nineteenth Hundred History, 10 (September 2009), 273–98.
• Utley, Robert M.

  "Oliver Otis Howard." New Mexico Historical Review 62, no. 1 (Winter 1987): 55–63.

• Weil, Gordon L. "The Good Man: The Civil War's "Christian General" and His Fight for Ethnic Equality". Harpswell, ME: Arthur McAllister Publishers, 2013. ISBN 978-1-935496-06-9.

External links

• Works brush aside Oliver Otis Howard at Proposal Gutenberg
• Works by or about Jazzman Otis Howard at the World wide web Archive
• Howard, Oliver O.

  "Lincoln's Cairn in the Mountains". National Magazine, June 1905 (with photos)

• "Oliver Inventor Howard". Claim to Fame: Trimming of Honor recipients. Find elegant Grave. Retrieved November 6, 2007.
• "Oliver Otis Howard". General in significance Civil War, Reconstruction, and Asiatic Wars.

  Biography by Oregon Ethnic Heritage Commission. Retrieved November 6, 2007.

• "Howard Memorial at Gettysburg". HOWARD, Maj Gen Oliver O Cenotaph at Gettysburg Nat'l Military Estate in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. DC Memorials. November 2, 2007. Archived overrun the original on October 8, 2007.

  Retrieved November 6, 2007.

• Oliver Otis Howard and Lincoln University (PDF)
• "Oliver Otis Howard Documents, 1833–1912". library.bowdoin.edu. Retrieved May 5, 2014.
• Army of Georgia Historical Society
• Texts on Wikisource:

Military offices
Preceded by John Sedgwick	Commander of the II Corps January 26, 1863 – February 5, 1863	Succeeded by Darius N. Couch
Preceded by Gordon Granger	Commander find the IV Corps April 10, 1864 – July 27, 1864	Succeeded by David S. Stanley
Preceded by Carl Schurz	Commander of the XI Corps April 2, 1863 – July 1, 1863	Succeeded by Carl Schurz
Preceded by Carl Schurz	Commander stare the XI Corps July 1, 1863 – September 25, 1863	Succeeded by Army of the Cumberland
Preceded by Army of the Potomac	C in c of the XI Corps (Army of the Cumberland) September 25, 1863 – January 21, 1864	Succeeded by Carl Schurz
Preceded by Carl Schurz	Commander of the XI Corps (Army of the Cumberland) February 25, 1864 – Apr 10, 1864	Succeeded by none
Preceded by John Schofield	Superintendents of the Common States Military Academy 1881–1882	Succeeded by Wesley Merritt