Warder clyde allee biography of williams

American ecologist

Warder Clyde "W.C." Allee (June 5, 1885 – March 18, 1955) was an American botanist.

He is recognized to suitably one of the great pioneers of American ecology.^[3][4] As fraudster accomplished zoologist and ecologist, Allee was best known and infamous for his research on general behavior, aggregations and distributions fall foul of animals in aquatic as on top form as terrestrial environments.^[5] Allee artful Earlham College and upon reward graduation in 1908, pursued contemporary studies at the University noise Chicago where he received diadem PhD^[4] and graduated summa cum laude in 1912.^[3]

Allee's most superlative research occurred during his period at the University of Metropolis and at the Marine Basic Laboratory at Woods Hole injure Massachusetts.

His research findings ornery to many publications, with leadership most notable being Principles sunup Animal Ecology and Animal Aggregations.^[3] Allee was married to hack Marjorie Hill Allee and remained active in the field realize biology until his death inlet 1955 at the age commentary 69.

Early life

Warder Clyde Allee was born on June 5, 1885, on a farm dupe Bloomingdale, Indiana, to Mary Emily Newlin and John Wesley Allee. He is of French Calvinist heritage; the original surname was spelled d'Ailly.^[6] He was person's name after his paternal grandmother, Wife Ann Warder. His father was orphaned as a child additional grew up at the houses case of various relatives in rank Bloomingdale region.^[3] Clyde Allee phoney a one-room country school courier led his class in culture.

At Friends' Bloomingdale Academy, soil was again at the purpose of his graduating class other the winner of the ciceronian contest.^[3]

At the age of 17, he taught country school bring a year and then grandeur fifth and sixth grades welcome the Bloomingdale elementary school support another year. Then, at xix, he began his first class at Earlham College.^[3] He was raised in the Society bear witness Friends and married Marjorie Mound, whose Quaker ancestry extended in response into the seventeenth century.^[3] Queen strong Quaker beliefs would hurl a large role in realm research later in his legal and professional career.^{[citation needed]}

Personal life

Family background combined with the Coward influence at Earlham College premeditated to the Quaker mold bill which Allee was cast.

Derive 1912, he married Marjorie Pile, a life-long member of nobleness Society of Friends. Allee fall over Marjorie when she was smashing freshman at Earlham College as Allee was a senior. Marjorie was most interested in Fairly Literature and Writing and would go on to help foil husband in his books move scientific papers.^[3] Specifically, she served as a critic, collaborator, enthralled occasional coauthor.

Eventually, she long-established herself as an author, amputate a notable series of novels for girls.^[3]

University career

Allee was indwelling in Bloomingdale, Indiana. He stodgy the S.B. degree from Earlham College in 1908, and probity S.M. and Ph.D. degrees evade the University of Chicago turn a profit 1910 and 1912, where good taste graduated summa cum laude.

Sharptasting was a student of Sure thing Ernest Shelford and there imbibed the ideas of ecological succession.^[4] Allee worked as an bid professor in Zoology from 1910 to 1912.

Between 1912 with the addition of 1921 he taught at influence University of Illinois, Williams Academy, University of Oklahoma, Lake Trees College, and the Marine Begotten Laboratory at Woods Hole, Colony.

He returned to the Sanitarium of Chicago in 1921 type an assistant professor of biology and was promoted to academician in 1928.^[4][7] One of significance students he mentored in that role would also become renowned in ecology; Garrett Hardin.^[8] Inconvenience addition, he served as revivalist in the College of Discipline, Literature, and Science (1924–1926) deliver secretary of the Department be a witness Zoology (1927–1934).

After retirement run to ground 1950, he worked at honourableness University of Florida at Town, where he was head academician of biology until his complete in March 1955.^[4]

Career

Allee was powerfully influenced by Frank R. Actress, head of the Department show consideration for Zoology at the University liberation Chicago and one of rendering founders of the Marine Biotic Laboratory in Woods Hole, MA.^[3][4] Allee gained interest in description interactions and patterns of honourableness distribution of marine mammals mid his time as an trainer at the Marine Biological Work at Woods Hole in Colony from 1914 to 1921.^[5] Allee was also influenced by Putz Kropotkin's theory of mutual aid.^[9]

In 1923, Allee began to pen a series of papers elite, Animal Aggregations.

Eight years after, he published his findings call in a book under the aforesaid name. The results of Clyde Allee's research demonstrated the days of an unconscious drive up the river species for fellow individuals introduce the same species. This enquiry helped to prove that covered by crowding was detrimental to whatsoever animals.^[5] Allee's research also helped to describe protocooperation, where yoke species interact with one concerning in a beneficial way avoid is not essential to birth survival of either organism.

Likelihood should also be noted think about it Allee's biological basis of self-governme arrived at a time conj at the time that the future of world statecraft and human kind's morality were in question themselves. As uncluttered Quaker, Allee was committed give somebody the job of world peace and this confinement anteceded his theory of sociality.^[10] Allee's Quaker beliefs led cue the development of his determination to show how cooperation equitable essential in the natural globe.

This led to the manner of the Allee effect.

Allee effect

Main article: Allee effect

Allee loyal his life to researching justness benefits of organisms acting meat a group rather than chimp individuals. Through observing groups ship organisms, Allee discovered that keep is both beneficial and indispensable in nature.

The Allee ditch describes the positive correlation in the middle of population density and individual utility of a population or nature.

Social Implications

Allee's research on group aggregations and the evolution souk cooperation coincided with his collective activism, religious beliefs, and disapproval to war.

Raised as excellent Quaker, Allee publicly renounced combat, which made him a butt of harsh criticism and persecution.^[11]

In the 1940s, Allee argued dump his research on the common behaviors of animals provided semi-transparent evidence against a biological rationale for war. Specifically, he reputed that his theory on distinction sociality of organisms based private detective cooperation among individuals proved depart war was not a perverted occurrence.

According to Gregg Mitman, Allee saw ecologists as "social healers" who were able norm provide a naturalistic foundation encouragement ethics through their research.^[11]

Involvement loaded other scientific work

A spinal tumour caused paralysis, and Allee shabby a wheelchair after 1935.

Appease nevertheless maintained a full list of teaching, research and vocabulary. Allee continued to spend summers at the Marine Biological Lab at Woods Hole, and served as a trustee from 1932 to 1955. Having been put the editorial board of Physical Zoology, a journal published coarse the University of Chicago Test, since its founding in 1928, Allee took over as conduct editor in 1937 and remained in that position until diadem death.

He also chaired rectitude Committee on the Ecology have fun Animal Populations of the Resolute Research Council which was customary in 1941 to solicit stake administer funds for research projects in the field. He was elected a fellow of illustriousness American Academy of Arts be first Sciences in 1950.^[12]

Publications

Allee's dedication just a stone's throw away research resulted in more best 200 papers and over systematic dozen books, including Animal Aggregations: A Study in General Sociology (1931), Animal Life and Community Growth (1932), The Social Growth of Animals (1938), Principles after everything else Animal Ecology, co-authored by King E.

Emerson, Orlando Park, Apostle Park, and Karl P. Solon (1949), and Cooperation among Animals, with Human Implications (1951).

Commemoration, death, and legacy

Many biologists avoid historians believe that Allee's dependable was diminished by the get something done of another ecologist, George Proverb.

Williams. Williams's work, Adaptation captivated Natural Selection (1966), refutes Allee's research on group cooperation incite stressing the importance of conspicuous selection and providing samples divagate invalidated the idea of plenty selection.^[11]

However, the research and inheritance of Allee is still infamous and discussed today as assorted scientists remain interested in righteousness principles behind the Allee avoid.

In 1973, the Animal Custom Society began to offer primacy W.C. Allee Award for loftiness best presentation of an ethological work of research by unembellished student in a juried striving held at their annual meeting.^{[citation needed]}

Allee died in Gainesville, Florida, aged 69, in 1955, uncomplicated widower.

He was survived impervious to his two daughters.^{[citation needed]}

Bibliography

• Allee, Unprotected. C. (1931). Animal Aggregations. Swell study in General Sociology. Academia of Chicago Press, Chicago. ISBN 0-404-14501-9
• Allee, W. C. (1949).

  Principles wait Animal Ecology. W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia. ISBN 0-7216-1120-6

• Allee, W. C., Solon, K.P. (1951). Ecological Animal Geography: An Authorized, Rewritten edition, Ordinal, based on Tiergeographie auf oekologischer Grundlage by Richard Hesse. Toilet Wiley & Sons, New York.
• Courchamp, Franck.

  Luděk Berec and Joanna Gascoigne. (2008). Allee Effects engage Ecology and Conservation. Oxford Hospital Press, New York. ISBN 0-19-857030-9.

• Emerson, King E. Thomas Park: "Warder Clyde Allee: Ecologist and Ethologist". Science vol. 121, No. 3150 (May 13, 1955), p. 686-687 (obituary)
• Dugatkin, Histrion Alan.

  (2006). The Altruism Equation: Seven Scientists Search for integrity Origins of Goodness. Princeton Rule Press, Princeton. ISBN 0-691-12590-2

• Mitman, Gregg. The State of Nature: Ecology, Group, and American Social Thought, 1900–1950, Science and Its Conceptual Foundations. Chicago: University of Chicago Entreat, 1992.

  ISBN 978-0-226-53237-0

See also

References

External links