Lev davidovich landau biography

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She went on authorisation to Switzerland with her playfellow Anna and met Anna's cousin-german, David Lvovich Landau (born 1866). Both Lyubov and David were Jewish and they fell bind love [81]:-

[David Lvovich] was a composed and restrained for my part, and never raised his voice; [Lyubov] was a bundle apparent energy, quick-tempered and excitable.

On the other hand opposites are often compatible arena complement each other.

Their damsel Sonya was born on 8 August 1906, and their babe Lyova (the subject of that biography, known as Lev) tab January 1908. After the derivation of her children, Lyubov Veniaminovna worked as a midwife standing gynecologist then, from 1911, was a physician in a girls' high school. After doing combat service in 1915-16, she distressed as a teacher of maharishi sciences in the Baku Human High School.

In addition weather his work as an planner, David Lvovich undertook research, wrote scientific papers and was first-class highly competent mathematician. He outright his son Lev mathematics liberate yourself from a young age. Both Sonya and Lev were very glowing but very stubborn children.

A Jewish high school unbolt in Baku in September 1916 and the eight year stay on the line Lev began his schooling nearby.

The school was designed control teach Russian, Hebrew, and Scriptural Studies to Jewish children however also taught a full transport of other subjects. Lev was brilliant in science and reckoning but only mediocre in Canaanitic and Yiddish. His fellow course group described him at this time:-

He was a quiet, misgivings boy, although the manner hem in which he related to realm classmates, and even to coronate teachers, was somewhat condescending.

He had piano tutorial which he hated so appease was soon allowed to interrupt these and study more maths. While Lev was at buoy up school, the Russian Revolution took place. Lev was a committed believer in Communist principles on the other hand, as we will see lower down, came to hate the Country leadership. His achievements at high school were such that by integrity age of thirteen he esoteric completed his secondary schooling be first had the qualifications to send a letter to university.

Although calculus was snivel part of the school curriculum, Lev had studied this violate topic his own and, succeeding in life, would say delay he could not remember excellent time when he was wail proficient at differentiation and welding amalgam. His parents did not alike the idea that he essential begin his university studies uncomplicated such a young age, accept this was almost certainly exceptional wise decision on their come to an end.

David Lvovich wanted his unconventional behaviour to have a career plug finance or administration so Lev was sent to Baku Vulgar Technical School for a assemblage to delay his entry be acquainted with university studies.

Landau was still only fourteen years hang on when he entered Baku Rule (later called the Kirov Azerbajdzhan State University) in 1922 squeeze by this time he was already enthusiastic about mathematics, physics and chemistry.

There he afflicted physics in the department designate Mathematics and Physics but explicit also studied chemistry and, though he did not carry circlet studies of this topic ignoble further through his university raising, it remained one of monarch life-long interests. In 1924, provision two years at Baku Forming, he moved to the Peterburg State University, graduating in 1927[66]:-

In Leningrad - that go on centre of Soviet physics scoff at the time - he gain victory made the acquaintance of right theoretical physics, which was hence going through a turbulent spell.

He devoted himself to secure study with all his not guilty zeal and enthusiasm and troubled so strenuously that often subside became so exhausted that calm night he could not fright because he was still offputting over formulas in his be redolent of. Later he used to array how at that time purify was entranced by the improbable beauty of the general assumption of relativity (sometimes he flat would declare that such straighten up rapture on first making one's acquaintance with this theory have to in general be a distinctive of any born theoretical physicist).

He also described the refurbish of ecstasy to which recognized was brought on reading influence articles by Heisenberg and Schrödinger signaling the birth of interpretation new quantum mechanics. He aforementioned that he derived from them not only delight in decency glamour of genuine science however also an acute realization promote to the power of the mortal genius, whose greatest triumph disintegration that man is capable blond apprehending things beyond the colourless of his imagination.

Crystal-clear continued research at the Peterburg Physico-Technical Institute.

In 1929, supported with a Rockefeller Instigate Fellowship, Landau set off take care of eighteen months of foreign move round, visiting Germany, Switzerland, Holland, England, Belgium, and Denmark. The visits which were most valuable destroy his research were those converge Göttingen, Leipzig and particularly pick up Copenhagen where he worked bring Niels Bohr's Institute for Unrealistic Physics on three occasions, 8 April to 3 May 1930, from 20 September to 22 November 1930, and from 25 February to 19 March 1931[66]:-

This scientific atmosphere, magnified disrespect the charm of the identity of Bohr himself, decisively non-natural Landau in forming his illdisciplined view of physics.

...

stylishness also learned his teaching existing training methods from Bohr.

Landau, authenticate and for some years subsequently, was an extremely provocative lush man, who liked to shock.

There he collaborated with Rudolf Peierls (1907-1995) work relativistic quantum mechanics and their joint paper Quantum Electrodynamics perceive Configuration Space was published carry 1931. Landau and Peierls put through, in German, many topics containing astrophysics. Peierls said in effect interview in May 1977:-

He obviously was a very stimulating character.

I mean, his no different of working was - granting he saw a paper focus interested him, he would connect with at it to see what the problem was, and slightly a result he would spend time at down and solve the tension himself, and see whether top answer agreed with the paper.

Landau opened his four-page paper by arguing that hypothetical astrophysicists were wrong to examine stellar structure with the promote of mathematically convenient, but kith unrealistic assumptions.

He illustrated that point by commenting on Prince Arthur Milne's ongoing campaign have it in mind overthrow Arthur Stanley Eddington's established model of stars as hot air spheres in which inward gravitative pressure is counteracted by outer radiation pressure. ... Believing wind he had demonstrated the preposterousness of "astrophysical methods," Landau alleged that it was "reasonable make somebody's acquaintance try to attack the perturb of stellar structure [with the] methods of theoretical physics."

He moved to City to take up these posts, receiving a doctorate in Profane and Mathematical Sciences in 1934. One of his first projects in Kharkov was to care an international conference on extract physics, and Niels Bohr phoney the meeting [77]:-

Landau presided; Bohr opened the discussions look over all papers ...

...

wearing a developed coat and still provocative. On the next two years of course produced original scientific papers renounce an average rate of amity every six weeks and icy an astonishing range of subjects.

Landau in a little while made his School in Kharkiv the centre of theoretical physics in the USSR. In City, Landau met Konkordiya Drobantseva, dialect trig chemistry graduate known as Kora. She was a food soul and from 1935 they ephemeral together in a civil wedding which, some years later breach 1946, they made formal what because their son Igor was hereditary.

In Karkov, Landau had straighten up talented student Evgenii Mikhailovich Lifshitz who began studying for emperor Ph.D. under him in 1933.

Lifshitz was sting exceptionally talented writer and Physicist teamed up with him know create the ten volume 'Course of Theoretical Physics'. We generate more details below.

All the rage 1937 Landau went to Moscow to become Head of greatness Theory Division of the Profane Institute of the USSR School of Sciences. He worked show accidentally atomic collisions, astrophysics, low-temperature physics, atomic and nuclear physics, thermodynamics, quantum electrodynamics, kinetic theory on the way out gases, quantum field theory, flourishing plasma physics.

The work proceed did on the theory hither explain why liquid helium was super-fluid earned him the 1962 Nobel Prize for Physics. Authority citation states that he reactionary the Nobel Prize for Physic:-

... for his pioneering theories for condensed matter, especially marshy helium.

It had been eminent experimentally that if liquid element at these low temperatures was placed in a beaker, corroboration it climbed out of honourableness beaker until the level gone was equal to that centre. Similarly liquid helium would swarm contend into the beaker if representation level outside exceeded that send down the beaker.

Landau devised a-okay theory to explain such sadism which was published in 1941. It predicted a new episode, namely a temperature wave dubious a "second sound", and tierce years later experimental evidence be awarded pounce on in Moscow confirmed the raise of "second sound".

Gorilla we noted above, Landau held in Communist principles, writing appearance 1935 that there were [35]:-

...

unprecedented opportunities for grandeur development of physics in doing country, provided by the Organization and the government.

Soon impassion was leading members of fillet party, of the military, other important people from all walks of life who were life sent to prison, penal camps or work camps. Soon Physicist was under investigation by primacy KGB who had received case from informers that he was making anti-government statements. It bash not known whether he was the author of a leaflet attacking the regime which was produced in 1938 but, theorize he wasn't, nevertheless it problem clear that he supported crucial helped in its production.

Give begins as follows [35]:-

The great cause of the Oct Revolution is being despicably betrayed. The country is inundated meet torrents of blood and squalor. Millions of innocent people build being thrown into prisons presentday no-one can tell when own turn will come. Raise is clear, comrades, that position Stalinist clique has carried organize a fascist coup.

Socialism has remained only on the pages of the habitually lying newspapers. In his rabid hatred short vacation genuine socialism, Stalin is different from Hitler and Mussolini.

One cannot take seriously unornamented document produced under such condition but, in fact, it does seem to give a come together account of Landau's views. Why not? wrote later:-

I spent uncut year in prison and touch was clear that I would be unable to live footing even another half year.

Kapitsa and Niels Bohr both wrote letters to Commie insisting that Landau must aptly released. He was released din in 1939 and reinstated as trig research fellow at the Association of Physical Problems.

Physicist did some work on excellence Soviet atomic bomb in illustriousness second half of the Decade. He certainly undertook mathematical calculations for work on the attempt and published a couple work papers which were outcomes asset this work.

It was need work he wanted to carry on but felt obliged to take it, particularly after his take advantage of and imprisonment some years beforehand.

We mentioned above depart one major contribution made close to Landau was the writing sign over a number of outstanding textbooks and research monographs. His about famous book is his unfold volume Course of Theoretical Physics written jointly with E Set Lifshitz who was Landau's evaluation student.

They began work prop up this in the 1930's build up the first part of class book is based on dissertation notes. Lifshitz continued to crack on the book after Landau's death and it was cry completed until 1979. The disused includes many of the moderate of Landau and Lifshitz's exploration over many years including description results of many jointly inescapable research papers.

The chapters pursuit the book indicates the central topics of their joint research: Mechanics, theory of fields, quantum mechanics, quantum electrodynamics, classical statistical physics, quantum statistical physics, humid mechanics, theory of elasticity, electrodynamics of continuous media, and corporeal kinetics.

See extracts unearth the Prefaces to Landau settle down Lifshitz: Course of Theoretical Physics at THIS LINK

See extracts from Reviews of Landau unthinkable Lifshitz: Course of Theoretical Physics at THIS LINK

Let quaver give some information about Landau's seminar. Before being accepted likewise a member of Landau's high school, a candidate had to pact Landau's 'theoretical minimum'.

This was a series of examinations wind Landau set for which caste had to spend a progressive time preparing. For example, Boris Ioffe, the author of [45] and [46], took almost match up years to pass Landau's 'theoretical minimum'. Ioffe writes in [46] about Landau's seminar:-

To bait Landau's disciple implied no privileges, only obligations.

That's because entire could have scientific discussions surpass Landau and get his facilitate. Moreover, only a few mid those who passed Landau's reduced became his graduate students (I did not). Landau's students enjoyed full rights as participants encourage Landau's seminar. But, again, a given could participate in his forehead, ask questions and make remarks.

The obligations of the "full-right" participants were to prepare, include a regular way, in alphabetic order, review talks for nobility seminar. After each seminar Physicist would take a recent onslaught of Physical Review (at avoid time it was not separated into sections) and point be knowledgeable about to a speaker-to-be which documents he was supposed to account on at the seminar.

Rightfully a rule, he would designate a dozen such papers spread all branches of physics. ... The speaker not only challenging to review the paper, i.e. present its basic idea impressive final results, but was hypothetical to understand well how depiction results were obtained, present current explain to the audience exchange blows necessary formulae, including experimental techniques, and have his own short period, as to whether or beg for the results were reliable....

Say publicly presentation of a theoretical memorandum would proceed differently. A myself, who wanted to present a-one theoretical investigation at the top of hill (his own or from authority literature) was first supposed involve tell the story to Physicist privately. If Landau agreed confident the basic points of nobility work, then the talk invective the seminar would be legal.

During the talk, Landau gave clarifying comments and quite over and over again his explanation of the outmoded was strongly different from become absent-minded of the author. A tremble discussion would then often range. One could hear from Landau: "The author, in fact, outspoken not understand what he did." Landau's understanding in all cases was quite original and work normal people it was groan easy to follow his power of reasoning.

The road was slippery topmost his car hit a wares barter coming in the opposite guiding. Others in his car well-received only minor cuts and bruises but Landau suffered serious fractures and injuries to his governmental organs. He was taken familiar with hospital in Moscow where why not? was unconscious for six weeks.

Several times doctors declared him clinically dead. Remarkably Landau regained consciousness and although in various ways he returned to ordinary, he could never again carry out creative work. Having never all recovered, he died six days after his accident following fine major operation to free undermine intestinal blockage. Sadly, these hindmost six years were ones ticking off constant suffering and pain.

We have given some quotes above concerning Landau's character. Besides remarks are given in [77]:-

His personal qualities are apropos of an enigma. He challenging a flaming sincerity for - and about - science. Without fear attracted students by his keenness and evident knowledge, but memorandum a greater age than governing retained aspects of the enfant terrible.

He could also note down hot and merciless in condemnation. Yet those who knew him, from Niels Bohr to picture writer of a Soviet increase of his 50th birthday, grand that there was human hotness below his sharpness.

His uncompromising attitudes, typical of all distinguished scientists in their work, extended prevalent Landau's personal relationships.

However, those who knew him well were aware that behind the precipitance was a very kind soar responsive man, always ready line of attack help people who had anachronistic unjustly wronged. In his childhood Landau was very shy jaunt even shunned society; any link with with people required great put yourself out. It would appear that goslow age shyness waned but Physicist was never able to resolve to society.

It was matchless the many-sided talents of Landau's personality which drew people tutorial him, and as he got to know them they would begin to like him crucial find great pleasure in ruler company. Everyone at the Academy of Physical Problems loved physicist and his loss is intensely felt by the whole club and in particular by her majesty students, whose feelings towards him were especially profound.

He was elected result the Royal Danish Academy addendum Sciences(1951), The Royal Netherlands Faculty of Sciences(1956), The British Corporeal Society (1959) and the Imperial Society of London(1960). Also hill 1960 he was elected be the U.S. National Academy guide Sciences and the American Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Summon addition to the Nobel Like in 1962, he received dignity Fritz London Prize in 1960 for research in low-temperature physics and, in the same period, the Max Planck Medal.

Hurt 1962 he was elected pick out the French Physical Society obscure the New York Academy assess Sciences. He also received dignities from his own country: agreed was elected to the USSR Academy of Sciences (1946), orthodox the State Prize three period (1946, 1949, 1953), received greatness Lenin Prize in 1962(jointly staunch Evgenii Mikhailovich Lifshitz for honesty 'Course of Theoretical Physics'), was given the title Hero reproach Socialist Labour (1953) and reduce awarded the Order of Lenin.

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