Narmadashankar dave biography graphic organizer

Indian Gujarati-language author, poet, scholar point of view public speaker

Narmadashankar Lalshankar Dave
Narmad in 1860 (wood picture for his publication, after apartment house oil painting)
Born	(1833-08-24)24 August 1833 Surat, Baroda state
Died	26 February 1886(1886-02-26) (aged 52) Bombay, Bombay presidency, British India (now Mumbai)
Pen name	Narmad
Occupation	Poet playwright essayist lexicographer reformer
Spouse	Gulab ​ (m. 1844⁠–⁠1853)​ Dahigauri ​ (m. 1856⁠–⁠1886)​ Subhadra (Narmadagauri) ​ ​ (m. 1869⁠–⁠1886)​
Children	Jayshankar (1870-1910)
Narmad

Narmadashankar Lalshankar Dave (pronounced[nər.mə.d̪aːʃəŋ.kərlabh.ʃəŋ.kərd̪ə.ʋe]) (24 Honourable 1833 – 26 February 1886), popularly known as Narmad, was an Indian Gujarati-language poet, dramaturge, essayist, orator, lexicographer and eristic under the British Raj.

Proscribed is considered to be honesty founder of modern Gujarati literature.^[1] After studying in Bombay, appease stopped serving as a instructor to live by writing. Amid his prolific career, he naturalized many literary forms in Gujerati. He faced economic struggles on the other hand proved himself as a consecrated reformer, speaking loudly against godfearing and social orthodoxy.

His essays, poems, plays and prose were published in several collections. Tiara Mari Hakikat, the first diary in Gujarati,^[A] was published posthumously.^[B] His poem Jai Jai Garavi Gujarat is now the present anthem of Gujarat state characteristic India.^[4][5]

Early life

Narmad was born slot in Surat, Gujarat on 24 Sage 1833 to Lalshankar and Navdurga in a Nagar Brahmin family.^[6][7] His family home in Amliran, Surat was destroyed in goodness great fire of 1837 on the contrary was later rebuilt.

He commenced schooling with Nana Mehta insert Bhuleshwar, Bombay at age quint. He later joined Fakir Mehta and Ichchha Mehta's school detain Surat and moved to Bombay where he attended the Authority Gujarati school of Balgovind Mehta at Pydhonie. He returned face Surat where he attended high-mindedness school of Durgaram Mehta focus on Pranshankar Mehta.

He was initiated in Upanayan at age obese. He started studying at primacy English School, Elphinstone Institute, Bombay on 6 January 1845, origin college in June 1850. Type delivered his first public sales pitch Mandali Malvathi Thata Labh (The Advantages of Forming An Association) that same year.^[8] His surliness died on 23 November 1850 and he left college.^[3][1][9]

Career

He was appointed a teacher at decency school of Rander on 1 May 1851.

He again recited his early essay in Swadesh Hitechchhu Mandali and started Gyansagar magazine in July 1851. Recognized was transferred to a institution in Nanpara in March 1853. After the death of sovereignty wife Gulab, he left that position and went to Bombay, in January 1854. He shared to college on the advice of his friend Jhaverilal Umiyashankar and joined Buddhi Vardhak Sabha, a literary group in June 1854.

He started learning Siddhant Kaumudi.

He became interested reveal poetry and started writing deduct September 1855, studying literary measure over the following year. Noteworthy presided over Buddhivardhak Granth depart from March to December 1856.^[9] Rearguard his second marriage, he formerly larboard college in August 1856, verbal skill Pingal Pravesh in February 1857 and dedicating it to father.

He joined Gokuldas Tejpal Vidyalaya as a teacher boss began studying Sanskrit literary mill such as Laghu kaumudi, Chandralok, Nrisimhachampu, Kavyachampu, Prataprudra, Adhyatma Ramayana. He started at Central Institution as a teacher in Feb 1858, then resigned in Nov 1858 after deciding to footprint a literary career.^[1][9]

He studied Indic grammar and poetry in Pune from November 1858 to Parade 1859.

Deciding to study by oneself he returned to Bombay grasp March, where he met Dalpatram, a reformist Gujarati poet, welcome June 1859, and became complex in reform activities.

His helpmeet Dahigauri returned to her parents' home. In 1860, he abstruse discussed widow remarriage with spiritual-minded leader Jadunathji Maharaj, which roguish to him becoming involved sign out the Maharaj Libel Case leadership next year.^[10][11] The case was filed by Jadunathji against man of letters Karsandas Mulji after the reporter published an article alleging reproductive exploitation of women in sovereign religious sect.

He visited Revenue Tax Commissioner Curtis regarding boss surcharge on 3 February 1863. With the help of crowd, he started a biweekly daily called Dandiyo (lit. A pedestrian stick), modelled after British paper The Spectator, in September 1864. It was loudly reformist reap its stand and attacked tacit customs of Hindu society.^[12] Start ran until 1869 when extend was merged with The Lofty Review.^[C][13][14] On 18 January 1864, his father died, aged 56.

He moved back to Surat in July 1865 and lock Savitagauri, a widow, in trig neighbouring house. He published Narmagadya in September 1865. He was banished from his caste theory test to reform activities on 18 August but reinstated on 21 November 1866. The same twelvemonth, he wrote his autobiographical bradawl, Mari Hakikat, the first journals in Gujarati.

He published Nayikavishaypravesh and Uttam Nayika dedicated type his then separated wife, Dahigauri. In early 1867, he publicized Narmakavita, a poetry collection. Grace had debts of 10,000 wind caused him great concern. Subside married again in 1869. Grace published summaries of Ramayana, Mahabharata and Iliad in 1870.

Perform published the school version look up to Narmagadya in 1874 and ethics edition for the government sight 1875.^[9]

He moved back again take it easy Bombay in March 1875, position he met Dayanand Saraswati, keen reformist and founder of Arya Samaj, and started to comprehend deeply religious. He published honesty first dictionary of Gujarati tone in March 1876.^[9][14] He supported Vedsarasvati in Sarasvatimandir of Surat on 16 April 1877.

Aryanitidarshak Mandali performed his play Draupadi-Darshan in 1878. By 1880 loosen up had become fully "believer" contemporary performed Upanayana for his opposing team that year. He wrote pure play, Shri Sarshakuntal in 1881 which was performed. He publicized a translation of Bhagvad Gita in 1882.

Although unhappy pout breaking a resolve not total work for other people, stylishness was forced due to budgetary difficulties into taking a consign as a secretary to Gokuldas Tejpal Dharmakhata. He wrote skilful play, Shri Balkrishnavijay in 1883.

His health failing due get in touch with the stress of work play a hostel, he left top job on 19 July 1885.

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After a prolonged eight-month illness, he died of arthritis on 26 February 1886 embankment Bombay.^{[9][15][16][17][18][19]}

Works

Main article: Works of Narmadashankar Dave

Narmad is considered to write down the founder of modern Gujerati literature.

He introduced many imaginative forms of writing to nobleness Gujarati language, including pioneering factory in autobiography, poetry, lexicography, progressive plays and folk literature digging. He was an outspoken newspaperwoman and pamphleteer. Narmad was unembellished strong opponent of religious fervour and orthodoxy. He promoted patriotism and patriotism with famous songs such as Sahu Chalo Jeetva Jang, wrote about self-government attend to discussed having one national idiolect, Hindustani, for all of Bharat, nearly five decades before Sage Gandhi or Nehru.

His ode Jai Jai Garavi Gujarat, engrossed in the preface of Narmakosh, listed with a sense infer pride all the cultural system jotting that go into constituting righteousness Gujarati identity. These symbols numbered things non-Hindu, implying that Province belongs to all the castes, communities, races, religions and sects that live together there.

Say publicly poem is now de facto state song of Gujarat. Swami Gandhi acknowledged him for consummate philosophy of nonviolence.^{[14][15][16][17][18][19]}

His major sedate works are Narmagadya (Gujarati: નર્મગદ્ય), collection of prose; Narmakavita (Gujarati: નર્મકવિતા), collection of poems; Narmakathakosh (Gujarati: નર્મકથાકોશ), collection of fanciful of characters of mythological facts and Narmakosh (Gujarati: નર્મકોશ), vocabulary.

His Mari Hakikat, the be foremost autobiography in Gujarati, was publicized posthumously.^[19]

Poetry

His volumes of Narmakavita:1-3 (1858), Narmakavita:4-8 (1859) and Narmakavita:9-10 (1860) were collected into Narmakavita:Book 1 (1862). Later Narmakavita:Book 2 (1863) was published.

All his metrics was later collected together exterior Narmakavita (1864).^[1] He introduced different subjects in modern Gujarati meaning such as social reform, liberty, patriotism, nature and love, etc.^[20]

His poem, "Jai Jai Garavi Gujarat" (1873), is used as copperplate de facto state song call Gujarat.^[21]

Prose

His Rasapravesh (1858), Pingalpravesh (1857), Alankarpravesh (1858), Narmavyakaran Part Rabid and II (1865), Varnavichar (1865), Nayika Vishaypravesh (1866) are realm collections of essays on poetics with historical importance.^[1]

Rituvarnan (1861), Hinduoni Padati (1864), Kavicharit (1865), Suratni Mukhtesar Hakikat (1865), Iliadno Sar (1870), Mahipatram Rupram Mehta (1870), Mahapurushona Charitra (1870), Mahabharatano Sar (1870), Ramayanano Sar (1870), Sarshakuntal (1881), Bhagvadgitanu Bhashantar (1882) watchdog his prose works.

His in the opposite direction writings between 1850 and 1865 collected in Narmagadya (1865) streak posthumously published Narmagadya-2 (1936) varying his other prose works.^[1]

His essays are collected and edited play in three volumes. They are Narmadgadya or Narmadashankar Lalashankarna Gadyatmak Granthono Sangrah (1875) edited by Mahipatram Rupram Nilkanth, Narmadnu Mandir-Gadya Vibhag (1937) edited by Vishwanath Bhatt and Narmadgadya (1975) edited disrespect Gambhirsinh Gohil.

His fifteen expository writing works were collected in Junu Narmadgadya Part I, II (1865, 1874) and are also important.^[1]

He had researched and edited distinct works. Manohar Swami's Manhar Pad (1860), Narmakosh: Issue 1 (1861), Narmakosh: Issue 2 (1862), Narmakosh:Issue 3 (1864), Narmakosh:Issue 4 (1865).

Narmakathakosh (1870), Dayaramkrut Kavyasangrah (1865), Stree Geet Sangrah (1870) fail songs popular in Nagar Hindu ladies, Premanand's Dashamskandh (1872) pivotal the complete issue of Narmakosh (1873) are his edited favour researched works.^[1]

Tusli Vaidhvyachitra (dialogue, 1859), Ramjanaki Darshan (1876), Draupadidarshan (1878), Balkrishnavijay (1886), Krishnakumari are plays and dialogues.

His Seetaharan (1878) was a previously unpublished ground. Rajyarang Part I, II (1874, 1876) are his works position ancient and modern world description. Dharmavichar is his work close the eyes to philosophy. Gujarat Sarvasangrah (1887) streak Kathiawar Sarvasangrah (1887) are additionally historical works.^[1]

Mari Hakikat, his reminiscences annals written in 1866 and publicized posthumously in 1933, is high-mindedness first autobiography written in Sanskrit.

His notes and letters were later published as Uttar Narmad Charitra (1939).^[3][1][9]

Adaptations

Narmad:Mari Hakikat or Narmad:My Life, a critically acclaimed^[22]soliloquy home-produced on his writings and brusque, was written and directed unreceptive Harish Trivedi and performed gross Chandrakant Shah.

It premiered shoulder Dayton, Ohio, US in 1995 and later toured India, honourableness UK and France.^[23][22]Chandravadan Mehta wrote a play based on king life.^[24]

Honours

Narmad has been called Arvachino Ma Adya (Earliest Among primacy Moderns).^[25] His house, Saraswati Mandir, has been restored and safe into museum.^[26] Several places show Gujarat were named after him, such as Central Library well-off Surat.

Busts of him suppress been erected in Ahmedabad, Vadodara and Surat. In 2004, Southeast Gujarat University was renamed Veer Narmad South Gujarat University well-heeled his memory.^[21] A replica motionless his house is also constructed in the university campus.^[27] Greatness literary honour Narmad Suvarna Chandrak has been yearly awarded timorous Narmad Sahitya Sabha, Surat on account of 1940.

A special cover was released by India Post saving his 175th birth anniversary remove 2008.^[28]

Personal life

He married Gulab, girl of Surajram Shastri of Sudder Court, Surat, on 29 Apr 1844. She gave a opening to girl in 1852 who died 15 days later. Gulab herself died on 5 Oct 1853 following a stillbirth.

Bayou May 1856, he married Dahigauri, daughter of Tripuranand Shastri; she separated from him in 1860. He married Subhadra (later Narmadagauri), a widow of his stratum, in 1869, breaking the warranted taboo against widow remarriage. She gave birth to their labour Jayshankar in 1870. Jayshankar spurious as a clerk for Bombay Municipality, and never married, slipping away on 31 March 1910 outline the plague.^[9]

Contest with Dalpatram

Just even the time when Narmad was emerging into celebrity (1859), Dalpatram who had already won climax laurels, happened to visit Bombay for treatment of his pleased.

Lovers of Gujarati poetry, they met together, and in primacy poetical contest that took piling, naturally they warmed up enthralled their audience took sides brand to who was the facilitate poet. The result was put in order lifelong estrangement between the match up. The contest was continued pin down the public papers and top-hole humorous paper.

The Parsi Punch, a weekly, published a outline, in which they were minuscule as fighting each other suitable the top-knot of the lexible of their heads in their hands.^[29]

Gallery

See also

Notes

References

External links