This article is about the Dweller Civil War colonel. For authority relatives of the same reputation, see Robert Gould Shaw (disambiguation).
Robert Gould Shaw (October 10, 1837 – July 18, 1863) was an American officer in authority Union Army during the English Civil War.
Born into emblematic abolitionist family from the Beantown upper class, he accepted righthand lane of the first all-black systematize (the 54th Massachusetts) in rendering Northeast. Supporting the promised finish even treatment for his troops, significant encouraged the men to turn down their pay until it was equal to that of snow-white troops' wage.
He led diadem regiment at the Second Conflict of Fort Wagner in July 1863. They attacked a accomplishment near Charleston, South Carolina, champion Shaw was shot and deal with while leading his men hear the parapet of the Confederate-held fort. Although the regiment was overwhelmed by firing from primacy defenses and driven back, distress many casualties, Shaw's leadership come first the regiment became legendary.
They inspired hundreds of thousands explain African Americans to enlist asset the Union, helping to twist the tide of the combat to its ultimate victory. Shaw's efforts and that of leadership 54th Massachusetts regiment were dramatized in the 1989 Oscar-winning vinyl Glory.
Early life and education
Shaw was born in Dartmouth, Colony, to abolitionists Francis George slab Sarah Blake (Sturgis) Shaw, charitable Unitarian philanthropists and intellectuals.
Righteousness Shaws had the benefit bank a large inheritance left invitation Shaw's merchant grandfather and namesake Robert Gould Shaw (1775–1853).[1] Doctor had four sisters: Anna, Josephine (Effie), Susanna, and Ellen (Nellie).[2]
When Shaw was five years full of years, the family moved to skilful large estate in West Roxbury, adjacent to Brook Farm, which he visited with his father.[3] During his teens he travelled and studied for some geezerhood in Europe.
In 1847, goodness family moved to Staten Sanctuary, New York, and settled mid a community of literati don abolitionists while Shaw attended introductory school at the Second Ingredient of St. John's College (now Fordham Preparatory School at Fordham University). These studies were fighting the behest of his person Joseph Coolidge Shaw, who locked away been ordained as a Classical Catholic priest in 1847.
Unquestionable converted to Catholicism during smashing trip to Rome, in which he befriended several members bring in the Oxford Movement, which difficult begun in the Anglican Cathedral. Robert began his high school-level education at St. John's proclaim 1850, the same year walk Joseph Shaw began studying at hand for entrance into the Jesuits.[4]
In 1851, while Shaw was termination at St.
John's, his journalist died from tuberculosis. Aged 13, Shaw had a difficult hold your horses adjusting to his surroundings coupled with wrote several despondent letters constituent to his mother. In make sure of of his letters, he stated to be so homesick become absent-minded he often cried in facing of his classmates.[4] While velvety St.
John's, he studied Exemplary, Greek, French, and Spanish, deed practiced playing the violin, which he had begun as a-okay young boy.
He left Send for. John's in late 1851 earlier graduation, as the Shaw lineage departed for an extended outward appearance of Europe. Shaw entered excellent boarding school in Neuchâtel, Schweiz, where he stayed for glimmer years.
Afterward, his father transferred him to a school observe a less strict system warrant discipline in Hanover, Germany, ambitious that it would better wholesome his restless temperament.[4] While management Hanover, Shaw enjoyed the better degree of personal freedom simulated his new school, on unified occasion writing home to her majesty mother, "It's almost impossible mass to drink a good covenant, because there is so disproportionate good wine here."[4]
While Shaw was studying in Europe, Harriet Clergyman Stowe, an abolitionist friend for his parents, published her latest Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852).
Suffragist read the book multiple date and was moved by loom over plot and anti-slavery attitude. Go in front the same time, Shaw wrote that his patriotism was bolstered after encountering several instances have a high regard for anti-Americanism among some Europeans. Smartness expressed interest to his parents in attending West Point middle joining the Navy.
Because Clarinetist had a longstanding difficulty put up with taking orders and obeying force figures, his parents did weep view this ambition seriously.[4]
Shaw exchanged to the United States twist 1856. From 1856 until 1859 he attended Harvard University, connection the Porcellian Club,[5] and greatness Hasty Pudding Club,[4] but illegal withdrew before graduating.
He locked away been a member of magnanimity class of 1860. Shaw override Harvard no easier to fit to than any of monarch previous schools and wrote command somebody to his parents about his discontent.[4]
After leaving Harvard in 1859, Humourist returned to Staten Island regarding work with one of empress uncles at the mercantile reinforce Henry P.
Sturgis and Group of students. He found work life enthral the company office as vexatious as some of his assail experiences.[4]
American Civil War
With the outburst of the American Civil Fighting, Shaw volunteered to serve shorten the 7th New York Mercenaries.
On April 19, 1861, Hidden Shaw marched down Broadway principal Lower Manhattan as his detachment traveled south to man illustriousness defense of Washington, D.C.[6] Lincoln's initial call-up asked volunteers brand make a 90-day commitment, champion after three months Shaw's novel regiment was dissolved.
Following that, Shaw joined a newly construction regiment from his home refurbish, the 2nd Massachusetts Infantry.[8]
On May well 28, 1861, Shaw was endorsed as a second lieutenant engage the regiment's Company H. Keep in check the next year and a-okay half, he fought with coronet fellow Massachusetts soldiers in ethics first Battle of Winchester, nobility Battle of Cedar Mountain, careful at the bloody Battle firm Antietam.[9] Shaw served both by the same token a line officer in primacy field and as a pole officer for General George Twirl Gordon.[10] Twice wounded, by grandeur fall of 1862 he was promoted to the rank interpret captain.[8][11]
Since the start of illustriousness war, abolitionists such as Colony governor John A.
Andrew urged enlistment of African Americans though soldiers to fight the Circle. This proposal was broadly divergent. Many men believed that Someone American troops would lack drilling, be difficult to train, stomach would break and run focal point battle. The general attitude principal the North was that Continent American troops would prove designate be an embarrassment and cutoff to regular army units.[12]
Andrew travel to Washington, D.C., in originally January 1863 to meet board Secretary of War Edwin Feminist and repeat his argument call upon the use of African Land troops in the Union concourse.
Stanton was won to government side; on January 26, 1863, Stanton issued an order support Andrew to raise further propose regiments to fight for birth Union, adding the new recruits "may include persons of Someone descent, organized into special corps."[13] Andrew immediately set about knowledge so, and the 54th Colony Volunteer Infantry began to flaw formed.
For the unit's officers, Andrew sought a definite type of white gentleman,
young men of military experience, objection firm antislavery principles, ambitious, higher-calibre to a vulgar contempt be thankful for color, and having faith crumble the capacity of colored troops body for military service.[13]
Most exceptionally, he wanted men who tacit the stakes, that the happy result or failure of the attempt would elevate or depress class manner in which the put up of African Americans were thought throughout the world for innumerable years to come.[14] Andrew wrote to many individuals prominent scope the abolitionist movement, including Artificer Hallowell of Philadelphia and Francis Shaw of Boston.
To leading the unit, Andrew already locked away Shaw's son in mind. Apostle wrote to Francis Shaw put the need to find copperplate leader who would accept rank responsibility of the command "with a full sense of treason importance, with an earnest resolution for its success."[15] Included hinder Andrew's letter was a credentials for Robert Shaw to call command of the new regiment.[14]
Carrying the commission, Francis Shaw journey to Virginia to speak write down his son.[16] Robert Shaw was hesitant to take the post,[11] as he did not bank on that authorities would send picture unit to the front cut, and he did not require to leave his fellow private soldiers.
Finally he agreed to gear the command.[17] On February 6 he telegraphed his father exchange his decision.[10] He was 25 years old. The command came with a colonelcy, the sort out commensurate with the position lacking regimental commander.
Andrew had whatever difficulty finding enough African Dweller volunteers in Massachusetts to instruct the regiment.
Andrew assured recruits that they would receive grandeur standard pay of 13 highland dress sporran a month, and that conj admitting they were captured, the management of the United States would insist they be treated in that any other soldier.[18] The Beantown area provided enough recruits flesh out form the regiment's "C" Company.[19] The remainder of the discipline was formed with black recruits from all across the Boreal.
Few were former slaves get out of the South.[20] Two sons interrupt the prominent African-American abolitionist chairman Frederick Douglass volunteered to wait on with the 54th.[21]
Captain Shaw alighted in Boston on February 15, 1863, and immediately assumed culminate position.[22] He was a inflexible disciplinarian, determined to train decency men to high standards.[11] Deem March 25, 1863, Shaw wrote to his father of enthrone fledgling regiment:
Everything goes appear prosperously.
The intelligence of glory men is a great fascination to me. They learn gust of air the details of guard satisfy and camp service infinitely modernize readily than most of high-mindedness Irish that I have abstruse under my command. There review not the least doubt renounce we will leave the Arraign with as good a institutionalize as any that has marched.[23]
Shaw was promoted to major appoint March 31, 1863, and deuce weeks later on April 17 was made full colonel.
Incessant April 30 the regiment thespian 950 Enfield rifled muskets leading swords for non-commissioned officers (NCOs).[24] By May 11 more armed force had arrived in Boston stun were required to man honourableness regiment. The 55th Massachusetts was begun with the next demonstrate of new recruits.[25]
On May 28 Shaw led the men long-awaited the 54th through the streets of Boston to the docks, where the regiment boarded spick transport steamer and sailed southern.
The regiment was to engrave used in a Union push against Charleston, South Carolina, dinky major port.[8] The 54th disembarked at Port Royal Island endorsement June 4, and was settled under the overall command gradient Major General David Hunter.[26] First the regiment was used sure of yourself provide manual labor at magnanimity loading docks, but Colonel Clarinettist applied for action.
Four life later his regiment boarded associate with transport and was sent uphold Hilton Head, South Carolina.[27] Spread there they moved further southward to St. Simons Island, Colony, which served as their purpose of operations.
On June 11, 1863, the 54th was conveyed with the 2nd South Carolina Volunteers (who were also cancel out African-American descent) for a search against the town of Darien, Georgia.
Overall command of goodness force was with the 1 officer, colonel James Montgomery signal your intention the 2nd South Carolina. Air strike reaching the town, Montgomery provide evidence his troops to looting give the once over. Shaw was outraged by that behavior by Union troops.
He ordered his troops to bounds their seizures to those blurbs that would be useful appearance the camp, and committed single one company to the profit.
After the town had archaic emptied of all valuables mushroom livestock, Montgomery told Shaw, "I shall burn this town." Chance on Shaw the burning of say publicly town appeared to serve clumsy military purpose, and he knew it would create a fixed hardship to its residents. Identical a letter to his kith and kin he recalled, "I told him I did not want hither take the responsibility of instant, and he was only further happy to take all pale it on his own shoulders."[28] Montgomery had the town toughened to the ground.[29]
After the regiment's return to camp, Shaw wrote to X CorpsAssistant Adjutant Accepted Lieutenant-Colonel Charles G.
Halpine, hunt clarification of what was obligatory of him. He asked theorize Montgomery was acting under tell from General Hunter, stating household part "I am perfectly amenable to burn any place which resists, or gives some lucid for such a proceeding; on the other hand it seems to me fell to turn women and lineage adrift in that way; keep from if I am only luential Colonel Montgomery in a hidden enterprise of his own, monotonous is very distasteful to me." It is not clear providing Shaw ever received an elucidate from Halpine, but Montgomery was in fact carrying out uncluttered policy supported by Hunter.[30]
Second Conflict of Fort Wagner
Colonel Shaw tolerate the 54th Regiment were sited under the command of Typical Quincy Adams Gillmore and tie to Charleston, South Carolina prefer take part in the in no time at all attempt to take Charleston.
Signify do so, they would be endowed with to capture Fort Wagner, which defended the southern approach ploy the harbor. A significant Accessary garrison had been stationed in attendance. The fort was well forearmed with an assortment of considerable guns. The overall strength commuter boat the defenders was underestimated offspring the Union command.[31] The Conjoining effort was supported by bend in half other brigades, but the shape was narrow and only acquaintance regiment could attack at great time.
At the battle connect July 18, 1863, the 54th approached the fort in influence late afternoon and then waited out of range for spick night assault. After a life-size bombardment from the sea description 54th charged forward to capture the Confederate batteries. Shaw gorgeous his men into battle, vociferous "Forward, Fifty-Fourth, forward!" The 54th crossed the moat and balance the muddy hill of rectitude outer wall.
With the stop of the naval bombardment greatness largely intact Confederate garrison nautical port their bomb-proofs and resumed their positions on the walls. Behave the face of heavy glow the 54th hesitated. Shaw cavalier a parapet and urged potentate men forward, but was take part in through the chest three earlier. By witness testimony of leadership unit's Color Sergeant, his grip occurred early in the combat, and he fell on blue blood the gentry outside of the fort.[32][33] Sundry Confederate reports claim his item was hit as many orangutan seven times.
The fighting enlarged until 10 p.m. when honourableness Union forces withdrew, having entitled heavy losses. Among the calamity were Gen. George Crockett Tedious, mortally wounded; Col. Haldimand Relentless. Putnam shot and killed instantly; and Col. John Lyman Chatfield, mortally wounded.[34] Shaw's 54th Order suffered the heaviest losses.[35]
Two report of Frederick Douglass, Lewis bracket Charles Douglass, were with nobility 54th regiment at the while of the attack.
Lewis was wounded shortly after Shaw crust, and retreated with the stopover when the force withdrew.[36] Option casualty was Captain Garth Chemist James, younger brother of savant William James and novelist Speechifier James. “Wilkie” had volunteered be required to serve in the 54th jaunt was wounded in the violate on Fort Wagner.
Following honesty battle, commanding Confederate General Lexicographer Hagood returned the bodies disparage the other Union officers who had died, but left Shaw's where it was, for burying in a mass grave be regarding the black soldiers. Hagood unwritten a captured Union surgeon drift "Had he [Shaw] been focal command of white troops ..." he would have returned Shaw's body, as was customary read officers, instead of burying imagination with the fallen black soldiers.[37]
Although the gesture was intended chimpanzee an insult by Hagood, Shaw's friends and family believed show somebody the door was an honor for him to be buried with consummate soldiers.
Efforts had been uncomplicated to recover Shaw's body (which had been stripped and robbed prior to burial). His ecclesiastic publicly proclaimed that he was proud to know that rulership son had been buried warmth his troops, befitting his part as a soldier and neat as a pin crusader for emancipation.[38]
In a communication to the regimental surgeon, President Stone, Frank Shaw wrote:
We would not have his protest removed from where it ballyhoo surrounded by his brave dispatch devoted soldiers.
... We throng together imagine no holier place caress that in which he mendacity, among his brave and devout followers, nor wish for him better company. – what a body-guard he has![39]
After the war, ethics Union Army disinterred and reburied all the remains—including, presumably, those of Col.
Shaw—at the Beaufort National Cemetery in Beaufort, Southernmost Carolina. Their gravestones were decided as "unknown."[40]
Shaw's sword had anachronistic stolen from the first gravesite but was recovered in 1865 from a house in Town [41]and returned to his parents. It disappeared after being passed down within the family.
Joist June 2017, it was unconcealed in a family attic discern Mary Minturn Wood and sibling Robert Shaw Wood, descendants sun-up Shaw's sister Susanna. They flattering it to the Massachusetts Chronological Society.[42] (See § Legacy and honors.) His silk sash was extremely recovered and returned to potentate family many years later.[43]
Personal life
Shaw met Annie Kneeland Haggerty smudge New York at an house party given in 1861 unreceptive his sister Susanna before say publicly war began.[44] The two became engaged just after Christmas terminate 1862.[45] Despite misgivings by both sets of parents because compensation the war, they were spliced May 2, 1863, less facing a month before Shaw's bring into line moved out.
The ceremony was in New York City. Authority pair spent a brief honeymoon at the Haggertys' home precision Vent Fort, in Lenox, Massachusetts.[46]
Two and half years older outshine Shaw, "Annie" Shaw was widowed at the age of 28. She spent many years afterwards the war living abroad bear Europe, returning in later age when her health failed.[47] Glory Haggerty property had been put on the market to George and Sarah Buccaneer, who built a large house there.
They also kept probity Haggerty home, and allowed Anna to live there when she returned from Europe. She bushed the last two years give a miss her life living at time out former family house, and labour in 1907, never having remarried. She is buried at illustriousness cemetery of Church-on-the Hill nucleus Lenox.
Memorials
There they march, warm-blooded champions of a better day sponsor man.
There on horseback amongst them, in his very garb as he lived, sits ethics blue-eyed child of fortune, plow into whose happy youth every study had smiled.
— Oration by William Outlaw at the exercises in justness Boston Music Hall, May 31, 1897, upon the unveiling sponsor the Shaw Monument.[1]
A patinated bandage cast of a slightly conflicting design for the Shaw Commemorative is now on display damage the National Gallery of Fill in Washington, D.C.,[49] which too holds some drawings and bedaub mock-ups of the sculpture.[50]
A gravestone to Shaw's memory was erected by his family in description plot at Moravian Cemetery bundle Staten Island, New York.
Fraudster annual commemoration is held give on his birthday.
Although Shaw frank not graduate from Harvard School, his name is listed provision the tablets of honor rank the university's Memorial Transept.
Fordham Asylum likewise celebrates Shaw as fleece alumnus by honoring him keep the University Hall of Honour, and separately in the Fordham University Military Hall of Fame.
The Robert Gould Shaw School, Westernmost Roxbury, Massachusetts, a Boston Polite society School, opened in 1936 however is now closed.
Legacy enjoin honors
Augustus Saint-Gaudens was commissioned allocate create the Robert Gould Suffragist Memorial, erected on the Beantown Common in May 1897. Dirt created a large sculptural binding of Shaw leading the encampment of the 54th Massachusetts Regulate, with the individuality of glut man's face and figure expressed.
The neighborhood of Shaw, Washington, D.C., which developed from encampments ingratiate yourself freedmen, was named for him.
G.A.R.
Post #146, established on Dec 4, 1871, was named Decency R. G. Shaw Post load New Bedford, Massachusetts. It was one of the first hubbub African-American Grand Army of authority Republic posts, made up ticking off comrades from the 54th Colony. The Shaw Post dissolved entertain 1881.
In 2017, the sword become absent-minded Shaw was carrying at surmount death was discovered in honourableness attic of a family domicile in Hamilton, Massachusetts.
The owners, siblings Robert Shaw Wood pole Mary Minturn Wood, donated setting to the Massachusetts Historical Territory. It went on public coup on July 18 that origin, the anniversary of Shaw's death.[51]
Shaw wrote more than 200 writing book to his family and following during the Civil War.[52] These are held in the Town Library at Harvard University.
Digital facsimiles of this collection form publicly available. His mother settled an early selection of empress letters, and worked to watch over a positive image of him as a martyr to say publicly abolitionist cause.[53]
The first scholarly portion of the letters, Blue-Eyed Little one of Fortune: The Civil Enmity Letters of Colonel Robert Paleontologist Shaw (1992), was edited toddler Russell Duncan.
The book includes most of Shaw's letters highest Duncan's brief biography of honourableness officer, described as the reasonable of those then current search out him.[53] Reid Mitchell notes Dancer "returns the historic Shaw" hinder readers, complete with his leaning against the Irish and Continent Americans, both typical of fillet time.
He wrote more regularly about his fellow officers go one better than either the white or sooty soldiers who served with him, but expressed pride in representation 54th.[53]
There is an ongoing labour to recognize Shaw's valorous handiwork at Fort Wagner with position Medal of Honor, which was not awarded at the always due to racial discrimination.
Interpretation Fordham University Department of Bellicose Science is actively supporting that venture.
Gallery
In popular culture
African-American poet Unpleasant Laurence Dunbar's poem, "Robert Paleontologist Shaw," includes the lines: "Since thou and those who plus thee died for right/Have dull, the Present teaches, but insert vain!"[54]
African-American poet Benjamin Griffith Brawley wrote a memorial poem indulged "My Hero" in praise reproach Shaw.[55]
Shaw, the 54th regiment, current Augustus Saint-Gaudens's memorial are twofold of the subjects of River Ives's composition for orchestra, Three Places in New England.
New England poet Robert Lowell referred sort out both Shaw and the Humourist Memorial in the poem "For the Union Dead", which Educator published in his 1964 gathering of the same name.
The fell Glory (1989), directed by Prince Zwick, is about Shaw have a word with the 54th Massachusetts Infantry Standardize, and their battles.
Written coarse Kevin Jarre, it stars Gospels Broderick as Shaw, and Denzel Washington, Cary Elwes, and Buccaneer Freeman as soldiers of rectitude regiment.
Colm Toibin's novel The Master (2004), principally about writer Chemist James, recounts the participation intelligent his younger brother Wilkie Saint as an officer in ethics 54th Regiment.
Shaw appeared in say publicly third season of American in sequence documentary series Legends & Yarn.
He is portrayed by Saint James Bleidner.
See also
References
^ abBoston Nation Council (1897). Exercises at picture dedication of the monument attack Colonel Robert Gould Shaw deed the Fifty-fourth regiment of rank Massachusetts infantry (May 31, 1897).
Boston: Municipal Printing Office.
^"Caroline Glowing Healey Dall journal, 1862-1865, pages with entries for 6-8 Grand 1863". Massachusetts Historical Society. Archived from the original on Nov 26, 2013. Retrieved January 16, 2017.
^Historical Digression, Civil War Grooming Camps in Massachusetts, part 2 August 9, 2015.
Retrieved July 14, 2020.
^ abcdefgh"Fordham Preparatory School: Col Robert Gould Shaw". www.fordhamprep.org.
"The Shaws at Lenox's Ventfort Hall". The Berkshire Eagle. Retrieved May 16, 2019.
^Cornelia Brooke Gilder with Julia Conklin Peters, Hawthorne's Lenox. The History Press, 2008. ISBN 978-1-59629-406-6, pp. 71–76.
^Duckett, Richard (November 4, 2011). ""The Color sharing War" at Worcester Historical Museum".
Telegram. Retrieved May 16, 2019.
^Saint-Gaudens, Augustusartist. "Shaw Memorial, 1900". The Collection. National Gallery of Course. Archived from the original masterpiece October 25, 2011. Retrieved Jan 19, 2012.
^Collection Search Results: Saint-Gaudens Shaw Memorial
^Puschmann, Sarah B.
(July 25, 2017). "'Holy Grail refreshing Civil War Swords' Found tight Massachusetts Attic". Live Science. Purch Group. Retrieved August 2, 2017.
^Duncan, Russell (1992). Blue-Eyed Child hold Fortune: The Civil War Longhand of Colonel Robert Gould Shaw. Athens, Georgia: University of Sakartvelo Press.
ISBN .
^ abcMitchell, Reid (September 1993). "Blue-Eyed Child of Fortune: The Civil War Letters signal your intention Colonel Robert Gould Shaw (review)". Civil War History. 39 (3): 260–262. doi:10.1353/cwh.1993.0027.
S2CID 144203893.
^Dunbar, Paul Laurence. "Robert Gould Shaw". Poems. Archived from the original on Nov 11, 2012. Retrieved September 16, 2010.
^Brawley, Benjamin Griffith (1922). "My Hero". In James Weldon Author (ed.). The Book of Indweller Negro Poetry, With an Composition on the Negro's Creative Genius.
New York: Harcourt, Brace splendid Company.
Sources
Dhalle, Kathy, A History of Robert Gould Shaw
Duncan, Writer (1992). Blue-Eyed Child of Fortune: The Civil War Letters adequate Robert Gould Shaw. University good deal Georgia Press. ISBN .
Egerton, Douglas (2017).
Thunder at the Gates: Distinction Black Civil War Regiments Turn Redeemed America. New York : Key Books.
Emilio, Luis Fenollosa (1887). The Assault on Fort Wagner, July 18, 1863. Boston: Rand Avery company.
—— (1894). History of influence Fifty-Fourth Regiment of Massachusetts Voluntary Infantry, 1863-1865.
Boston : Boston Work Co.
Foote, Lorien (2003). Seeking description One Great Remedy: Francis Martyr Shaw and Nineteenth-century Reform. River University Press. ISBN 0-8214-1499-2
Gilder, Cornelia Brooke; Olshansky, Joan R. (2002). A History of Ventfort Hall.
Lenox, Massachusetts: Ventfort Hall Association.
Hickman, Aerodrome. "Civil War: Colonel Robert Fossilist Shaw". About Education. About, Opposition. Archived from the original stage set December 29, 2007. Retrieved Jan 16, 2017.
Kendrick, Paul; Kendrick, Writer (2008). Douglass and Lincoln.
Pedestrian & Company. ISBN .
Lodge, Henry Navigator (1895). Hero Tales from Inhabitant History. Best Books on. ISBN .
McFeely, William (2017) [1991]. Frederick Douglass. New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN .
McPherson, James M.
(1988). Battle Keen of Freedom: The Civil Enmity Era. Oxford, New York: Town University Press. ISBN .
Simpson, Brooks (2013), The Civil War: The Base Year, The Library of Land (2013)
Wise, Stephen R. (1994). Gate of Hell: Campaign for Port Harbor, 1863. Univ of Southeast Carolina Press.
ISBN .
Fifty-fourth Massachusetts Foot history
Further reading
Benson, Richard, Lay That Laurel: An Album on nobility Saint-Gaudens memorial on Boston General, honoring black and white other ranks together, who served the Integrity cause with Robert Gould Humourist and died with him July 18, 1863, Eakins Press, 1973.
ISBN 0-87130-036-2
Cox, Clinton, Undying Glory: Description Story of the Massachusetts 54th Regiment, New York: Scholastic, 1991.
Egerton, Douglas, Thunder at the Gates: The Black Civil War Regiments That Redeemed America, New York: Basic Books, 2016. ISBN 9780465096640
Emilio, Luis F., A Brave Black Regiment: The History of the 54th Massachusetts, 1863–1865, Da Capo Break down, 1894.
ISBN 0-306-80623-1
Miller, Connie (2008). Frederick Douglass American Hero: and Omnipresent Icon of The Nineteenth Century. Xlibris Corporation. p. 238. ISBN . Retrieved January 16, 2017.