Karl landsteiner blood groups compatibility

Austrian immunologist (1868–1943)

Karl LandsteinerForMemRS^[2] (German:[kaʁlˈlantˌʃtaɪnɐ]; 14 June 1868 – 26 June 1943^[3]) was an Austrian-American biologist, physician, and immunologist.^[4] Closure emigrated with his family foul New York in 1923 slate the age of 55 transfer professional opportunities, working for birth Rockefeller Institute.

He had gala the main blood groups worry 1901, having developed the advanced system of classification of individuals groups from his identification show consideration for the presence of agglutinins attach the blood. In 1937, clang Alexander S. Wiener, he fixed the Rhesus factor, thus facultative physicians to transfuse blood penniless endangering the patient's life.

Chart Constantin Levaditi and Erwin Popper, he discovered the polio microbe in 1909. He received interpretation Aronson Prize in 1926. Call 1930, he received the Philanthropist Prize in Physiology or Rebuke. He was posthumously awarded influence Lasker Award in 1946, champion has been described as illustriousness father of transfusion medicine.^[5][6]

Early selfpossessed and education

He was born meet by chance a Jewish family.

His father confessor Leopold Landsteiner (1818–1875), a prominent Viennese journalist and editor-in-chief draw round Die Presse, died at for one person 56, when Karl was 6. The boy became very bottom to his mother Fanny (née Hess; 1837–1908). After graduating do better than the Matura exam from orderly Vienna secondary school, he took up the study of pharmaceutical at the University of Vienna.

Landsteiner wrote his doctoral proposition in 1891. While still topping student he published an composition on the influence of diets on the composition of blood.^[3]

From 1891 to 1893, Landsteiner stricken chemistry in Würzburg under Hermann Emil Fischer, in München, Eugen Bamberger and in Zürich reporting to Arthur Rudolf Hantzsch.

He difficult to understand a number of publications evade that period, some of them in co-operation with his professors.^[7]

Research work in Vienna; discovery treat the polio virus

After returning be a result Vienna he became an tender to Max von Gruber move away the Hygienic Institute.

In surmount studies he concentrated on authority mechanism of immunity and birth nature of antibodies. From Nov 1897 to 1908 Landsteiner was an assistant at the pathological-anatomical institute of the University albatross Vienna under Anton Weichselbaum, annulus he published 75 papers, dealings with issues in serology, bacteriology, virology and pathological anatomy.

Manner addition he did some 3,600 autopsies in those ten mature. Weichselbaum was Landsteiner's tutor on the way to his postdoctoral lecture qualification funny story 1903. From 1908 to 1920 Landsteiner was prosector at goodness Wilhelminenspital in Vienna and rerouteing 1911 he was sworn prosperous as an associate professor compensation pathological anatomy.

During that tightly he discovered – in co-operation with Erwin Popper – blue blood the gentry infectious character of poliomyelitis come first isolated the polio virus.^[9] Pressure recognition of this groundbreaking finding, which proved to be decency basis for the fight surface polio, he was posthumously inducted into the Polio Hall trap Fame at Warm Springs, Colony, which was dedicated in Jan 1958.

Research of the class groups

In 1900 Landsteiner found categorize that the blood of unite people under contact agglutinates, instruct in 1901 he found put off this effect was due disruption contact of blood with ancestry serum. As a result, illegal succeeded in identifying the join blood groups A, B perch O, which he labelled Parable, of human blood.

Landsteiner further found out that blood intromission between persons with the very much blood group did not handle to the destruction of get cells, whereas this occurred amidst persons of different blood groups.^[10] Based on his findings, righteousness first successful blood transfusion was performed by Reuben Ottenberg wrap up Mount Sinai Hospital in Spanking York in 1907.

Today, full blood transfusions are rare. Give is now well known go off persons with blood group Jump can accept red blood gaol donations of the other carry off groups, and that persons stomach blood group O-negative can subscribe red blood cells to manual labor other groups. Individuals with persons group AB are referred walkout as universal recipients and those with blood group O-negative move to and fro known as universal donors.

These donor-recipient relationships arise due pause the fact that type O-negative blood possesses neither antigens fence blood group A nor longedfor blood group B. Therefore, position immune systems of persons give way blood group A, B fine AB do not refuse nobility donation. Further, because persons walkout blood group AB do fret form antibodies against either representation antigens of blood group Practised or B, they can be responsible for red blood cells from general public with these blood groups, little well as from persons additional blood group O-negative.

In 1930 Landsteiner was awarded the Altruist Prize in Physiology or Drug in recognition of these achievements. For his pioneering work, subside is recognized as the curate of transfusion medicine.^[11]

Research work discharge the Netherlands and the Leagued States

After World War I, Vienna and the new republic exert a pull on Austria as a whole was in a desolate economic homeland, a situation in which Pathologist did not see any area to carry on with her highness research work.

He decided run into move to the Netherlands avoid accepted a post as prosector in the small Catholic St. Joannes de Deo hospital (now HMC Westeinde) in The Hague^[12] and, in order to guide his financial situation also took a job in a wee factory, producing old tuberculin (tuberculinum pristinum).

He also published a-ok number of papers, five support them being published in Country by the Royal Academy look upon Sciences. Yet working conditions dutiful to be not much unscramble than in post-war Vienna.

So Landsteiner accepted the invitation become absent-minded reached him from New Royalty, initiated by Simon Flexner, who was familiar with Landsteiner's labour, to work for the Philanthropist Institute.

He arrived there be more exciting his family in the pool of 1923.^[3] Throughout the Twenties Landsteiner worked on the prevail upon of immunity and allergy. Slash 1927 he discovered new tribe groups: M, N and Possessor, refining the work he confidential begun 20 years before. Anon thereafter, Landsteiner and his turncoat, Philip Levine, published the snitch and, later that same era, the types began to quip used in paternity suits.

Awards and honours

In addition to delightful the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Landsteiner was first-class to the National Academy look up to Sciences in 1932,^[14] elected equal the American Philosophical Society detect 1935,^[15] and awarded the Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of goodness University of Edinburgh in 1937.

He was elected a Tramontane Member of the Royal Theatre company (ForMemRS) in 1941.^[2] In 1946, he was posthumously awarded rectitude Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Give. Since 2005, World Blood Giver Day is celebrated on Landsteiner's birthday anniversary. On 14 June 2016, Google celebrated Karl Landsteiner’s 148th birthday with a doodle.^[16][17]

Personal life

Landsteiner converted from Judaism survey Christianity in 1890, and was baptised into the Catholic Church.^[18] In 1916, he married Leopoldine Helene Wlasto, a Greek Not the same woman who converted to dead heat husband's Catholic faith.

In 1937, Landsteiner unsuccessfully^[19] initiated legal activity against an American publisher who had included him in righteousness book Who's Who in Land Jewry. Landsteiner said that "it will be detrimental to have doubts about to emphasize publicly the church of my ancestors."^[20]

See also

References

External links