Foto abu bakar as siddiq biography

First caliph from 632 calculate 634

This article is about distinction first caliph. For other uses, see Abu Bakr (disambiguation).

Abu Bakr أَبُو بَكْر
Calligraphic seal featuring Abu Bakr's name, on abrasion in the Hagia Sophia, Istanbul
Reign	8 June 632 – 23 August 634
Predecessor	Position established (Muhammad as Islamic Prophet)
Successor	Umar
Born	c. 573 Mecca, Hejaz, Arabia
Died	23 August 634(634-08-23) (aged 60) (22 Jumada al-Thani 13 AH) Medina, Hejaz, Rashidun Caliphate
Burial	Al-Masjid an-Nabawi, Medina
Spouse
Issue
Abd Allah ibn Abi Quhafa عَبْد ٱللَّٰه بْن أَبِي قُحَافَة
Father	Abu Quhafa
Mother	Umm al-Khayr
Brothers
Sisters
Tribe	Quraysh (Banu Taym)
Religion	Islam
Occupation	Businessman, public administrator, economist

Abd Allah ibn Abi Quhafa (Arabic: عبد الله بن أبي قحافة, romanized: ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʾAbī Quḥāfa; c. 573 – 23 August 634), commonly be revealed by the kunyaAbu Bakr (Arabic: أبو بكر, romanized: ʾAbū Bakr), was the first caliph, ruling use 632 until his death diminution 634.

A close companion dispatch father-in-law of Muhammad, Abu Bakr is referred to with greatness honorific title al-Ṣiddīq (الصِّدِّيق, vague. the Veracious) by Sunni Muslims.

Born to Abu Quhafa gain Umm al-Khayr of the Banu Taym, Abu Bakr was among the earliest converts to Religion and propagated dawah to rank Mushrikites. He was considered birth first Muslim missionary as some companions of Muhammad converted replicate Abu Bakr.

He accompanied Muhammad on his migration to Metropolis and became one of rectitude latter's bodyguards. Abu Bakr participated in all of Muhammad's campaigns and served as the pass with flying colours amir al-hajj in 631. Strike home the absence of Muhammad, Abu Bakr led the prayers.

Following Muhammad's death in 632, Abu Bakr succeeded the leadership be required of the Muslim community as loftiness first caliph, being elected representative Saqifa.

His election was put forward by a number of insubordinate tribal leaders. During his power, he overcame a number noise uprisings, collectively known as high-mindedness Ridda wars, as a end product of which he was bony to consolidate and expand dignity rule of the Muslim run about like a headless chicken over the entire Arabian Straight. He also commanded the primary incursions into the neighbouring Sasanian and Byzantine empires, which constant worry the years following his fixate, would eventually result in ethics Muslim conquests of Persia pole the Levant.

Apart from political science, Abu Bakr is also credited for the compilation of say publicly Quran, of which he difficult a personal caliphal codex. Ex to dying in August 634, Abu Bakr nominated Umar (r. 634–644) as his successor. Along affair Muhammad, Abu Bakr is coffined in the Green Dome assume the Al-Masjid an-Nabawi in Metropolis, the second holiest site utilize Islam.

He died of part after a reign of 2 years, 2 months and 14 days, the only Rashidun muslim to die of natural causes.

Though Abu Bakr's reign was short, it included successful invasions of the two most strong empires of the time, integrity Sassanian Empire and the Multiuse building Empire. He set in shifting a historical trajectory that quandary a few decades would edge to one of the overpower empires in history.

His superiority over the local rebel Semite forces is a significant pinnacle of Islamic history. Sunni Muslims revere Abu Bakr as say publicly first of the rightly-guided caliphs and the greatest individual tail the prophets and messengers. Shia tradition considers Abu Bakr break usurper of the caliphate stomach an enemy of the ahl al-bayt.

Lineage and titles

See also: Family tree of Abu Bakr

Abu Bakr's full name was Abdullah ibn Abi Quhafa ibn Emir ibn Amr ibn Ka'b ibn Sa'd ibn Taym ibn Murrah ibn Ka'b ibn Lu'ayy ibn Ghalib ibn Fihr.^[1]

His lineage meets the lineage of Muhammad shake-up the sixth generation up learn Murrah ibn Ka'b.

Abu Bakr is referenced in the Qur'an in surah at-Tawba as thaniya ithnayn (second of the two) and al-sahib (companion). Some scholars believe al-atqa (the most pious) in surah al-Layl refers in close proximity to Abu Bakr as well.

Abdullah

In Arabic, the name Abd Allah means "servant of Allah".

That is his birth name.

Abu Bakr

This nickname (kunya) was susceptible to him as a babe when he grew up middle a bedouin tribe and mature a fondness for camels. Noteworthy played with the camel calves and goats, earning this designation "Abu Bakr," meaning "father commentary the young camel." A "bakr" in Arabic is a junior but already fully grown buff.

Ateeq

One of his early awards, preceding his conversion to Mohammadanism, was Ateeq, meaning "saved one". In a weak narration interpose Tirmidhi,^[2] Muhammad later restated that title when he said deviate Abu Bakr is the "Ateeq of Allah from the fire" meaning "saved" or "secure" with the addition of the association with Allah image how close to and isolated he is by Allah.^[3]

al-Siddiq

He was called Al-Siddiq (the truthful)^[4] preschooler Muhammad after he believed him in the event of Isra and Mi'raj when other general public did not, and Ali official that title several times.^[5] Loosen up was also reportedly referred nod to in the Quran as picture "second of the two draw the cave" in reference unite the event of hijra, with Muhammad he hid unsubtle the cave in Jabal Thawr from the Meccan party guarantee was sent after them.^[6]

al-Sahib

He was honorifically called "al-sahib" (the companion) in the Qur'an describing dominion role as a companion ransack Muhammad when hiding from illustriousness Quraysh in the Jabal Thawr cave during the Hijra run to ground Medina:^[7]

˹It does not matter˺ postulate you ˹believers˺ do not basis him, for Allah did dilemma fact support him when justness disbelievers drove him out ˹of Mecca˺ and he was lone one of two.

While they both were in the cavern, he reassured his companion, “Do not worry; Allah is surely with us.” So Allah development down His serenity upon righteousness Prophet, supported him with auxiliaries you ˹believers˺ did not photograph, and made the word liberation the disbelievers lowest, while decency Word of Allah is nonpareil.

And Allah is Almighty, All-Wise.^{[ 9:40 -The Clear Quran]}

Al-Atqā

In uncomplicated hadith narrated by ibn Abbas of the exegesis of point in time 92 of the Qur'an be oblivious to imam al-Suyuti we find nobleness word "al-atqā" (Arabic: الأتقى), denotation "the most pious," "the about righteous," or "the most God-fearing," is referring to Abu Bakr as an example for representation believers.^[7][8]

And so I have warned you of a raging Devotion, in which none will current except the most wretched—who cancel and turn away.

But the righteous will be spared free yourself of it—who donate ˹some of˺ their wealth only to purify yourselves, not in return for someone’s favours, but seeking the distraction of their Lord, the Bossy High. They will certainly tweak pleased.^{[ 92:14-21 -The Clear Quran]}

Al-Awwāh

"Al-Awwāh" (Arabic: الأواه) means someone who supplicates abundantly to God, somebody who is merciful, and loftiness gentle-hearted.

Ibrahim al-Nakha'i said lapse Abu Bakr has also anachronistic called al-awwāh for his beneficent character.^[7]

Early life

Abu Bakr was in the blood in Mecca sometime in 573 CE, to a rich kindred in the Banu Taym people of the Quraysh tribal confederacy.^[9] His father was Abu Quhafa and his mother was Umm al-Khayr.^[10]

He spent his early minority like other Arab children entity the time, among the Bedouins who called themselves Ahl-i-Ba'eer- nobility people of the camel, concentrate on developed a particular fondness be a symbol of camels.

In his early adulthood he played with the fawn calves and goats, and realm love for camels earned him the nickname (kunya) "Abu Bakr", the father of the camel's calf.^[11][12]

Like other children of magnanimity rich Meccan merchant families, Abu Bakr was literate and advanced a fondness for poetry.

Soil used to attend the oneyear fair at Ukaz, and chip in in poetical symposia. He locked away a very good memory contemporary had a good knowledge accustomed the genealogy of the Semite tribes, their stories and their politics.^[13]

A story is preserved desert once when he was clean up child, his father took him to the Kaaba, and on purpose him to pray before blue blood the gentry idols.

His father went rot to attend to some following business, and Abu Bakr was left alone. Addressing an ikon, Abu Bakr said "O leaden God, I am in want of beautiful clothes; bestow them on me". The idol remained indifferent. Then he addressed other idol, saying, "O God, bring forth me some delicious food. Have a view over that I am so hungry".

The idol remained cold. Delay exhausted the patience of teenaged Abu Bakr. He lifted unblended stone, and, addressing an symbol, said, "Here I am instructing a stone; if you stature a god protect yourself". Abu Bakr hurled the stone rot the idol and left illustriousness Kaaba.^[14] Regardless, it recorded put off prior to converting to Muhammadanism, Abu Bakr practiced as systematic hanif and never worshipped idols.^[15]

Companionship of Muhammad

On his return carry too far a business trip in Yemen, friends informed him that make a way into his absence, Muhammad had proclaimed himself a messenger of Demigod.

According to a report give a rough idea the historian Al-Tabari, in wreath Tarikh al-Tabari, Abu Bakr may well have converted to Islam funds around fifty people, though that is disputed.^[16] Some Sunni coupled with all the Shi'a believe ditch the second person to straight accept Muhammed as the discpatcher of God was Ali ibn Abi Talib, the first lifetime Muhammad's wife Khadija.^[17]Ibn Kathir, dupe his Al Bidaya Wal Nihayah, disregards this.

He stated become absent-minded the first woman to encompass Islam was Khadijah. Zayd ibn Harithah was the first purge slave to embrace Islam. Caliph ibn Abi Talib was prestige first child to embrace Mohammadanism, for he has not uniform reached the age of young adulthood at that time, while Abu Bakr was the first uncomplicated man to embrace Islam.^{[18][19][10][20]}

Subsequent animation in Mecca

His wife Qutaylah bint Abd-al-Uzza did not accept Muslimism and he divorced her.

Emperor other wife, Um Ruman, became a Muslim. All his progeny accepted Islam except Abd al-Rahman, from whom Abu Bakr living apart himself. His conversion also tired out many people to Islam. Sharptasting persuaded his intimate friends make ill convert,^[21][22] and presented Islam feel other friends in such on the rocks way that many of them also accepted the faith.

Those who converted to Islam draw back the dawah of Abu Bakr were:^[23]

Abu Bakr's acceptance proved reverse be a milestone in Muhammad's mission. Slavery was common overcome Mecca, and many slaves recognized Islam. When an ordinary competent man accepted Islam, despite candidate, he would enjoy the caution of his tribe.

For slaves, however, there was no much protection and they commonly proficient persecution. Abu Bakr felt humanity for slaves, so he purchased eight (four men and twosome women) and then freed them, paying 40,000 dinar for their freedom.^[24][25] He was known launch an attack have freed slaves, including Bilal ibn Rabah.

The men were:

The women were:

Most bargain the slaves liberated by Abu Bakr were either women exalt old and frail men.^[26] While in the manner tha the father of Abu Bakr asked him why he plainspoken not liberate strong and adolescent slaves, who could be clean up source of strength for him, Abu Bakr replied that agreed was freeing the slaves be a symbol of the sake of God, bid not for his own good.

Persecution by the Quraysh, 613

Main article: Persecution of Muslims make wet the Meccans

For three years end the birth of Islam, Muslims kept their faith private. Enclosure 613, according to Islamic convention, Muhammad was commanded by Genius to call people to Muhammadanism openly.

The first public oration inviting people to offer loyalty to Muhammad was delivered get by without Abu Bakr.^[27] In a subsidy of fury, the young troops body of the Quraysh tribe hasty at Abu Bakr and anaesthetize him until he lost consciousness.^[28] Following this incident, Abu Bakr's mother converted to Islam. Abu Bakr was persecuted many epoch by the Quraysh.

Though Abu Bakr's beliefs would have antediluvian defended by his own ethnic group, it would not be advantageous for the entire Quraysh gens.

Last years in Mecca

In 617, the Quraysh enforced a prohibit against the Banu Hashim. Muhammad along with his supporters getaway Banu Hashim, were cut lack of control in a pass away deprive Mecca.

All social relations confident the Banu Hashim were spill off and their state was that of imprisonment.^[29] Before crew many Muslims migrated to Abyssinia (now Ethiopia). Abu Bakr, attitude distressed, set out for Yemen and then to Abyssinia deviate there. He met a confidante of his named Ad-Dughna (chief of the Qarah tribe) skin Mecca, who invited Abu Bakr to seek his protection ruin the Quraysh.

Abu Bakr went back to Mecca, it was a relief for him, nevertheless soon due to the strength of Quraysh, Ad-Dughna was laboured to renounce his protection. Promptly again the Quraysh were give up to persecute Abu Bakr.

In 620, Muhammad's uncle and guard dog custodian, Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib, and Muhammad's wife Khadija deadly. Abu Bakr's daughter Aisha was betrothed to Muhammad; however, store was decided that the existing marriage ceremony would be kept later.

In 620 Abu Bakr was the first person separate testify to Muhammad's Isra prosperous Mi'raj (Night Journey).^[30]

Migration to Medina

Main article: Hijra (Islam)

In 622, wreath the invitation of the Muslims of Medina, Muhammad ordered Muslims to migrate to Medina. Rendering migration began in batches.

Khalifah was the last to last in Mecca, entrusted with dependent for settling any loans rank Muslims had taken out, with famously slept in the lenient of Muhammad when the Quraysh, led by Ikrima, attempted get stuck murder Muhammad as he slept. Meanwhile, Abu Bakr accompanied Muhammad to Medina. Due to honesty danger posed by the Quraysh, they did not take high-mindedness road, but moved in magnanimity opposite direction, taking refuge comport yourself a cave in Jabal Thawr, some five miles south footnote Mecca.

Abd Allah ibn Abi Bakr, the son of Abu Bakr, would listen to grandeur plans and discussions of nobility Quraysh, and at night proscribed would carry the news appoint the fugitives in the cavity. Asma bint Abi Bakr, rectitude daughter of Abu Bakr, them meals every day.^[31] Aamir, a servant of Abu Bakr, would bring a flock mislay goats to the mouth expose the cave every night, whither they were milked.

The Quraysh sent search parties in wearing away directions. One party came initiate to the entrance to honourableness cave, but was unable secure see them. Abu Bakr was referenced in the Qur'an solution verse 40 of suraat-Tawba: "If ye help him not, much God helped him when those who disbelieve drove him near, the thaniya ithnayn (second additional the two i.e.

Abu Bakr); when they two were crop the cave, when he thought unto his sahib (companion i.e. Abu Bakr).^[32]Aisha, Abu Saʽid al-Khudri and Abd Allah ibn Abbas in interpreting this verse aforesaid that Abu Bakr was say publicly companion who stayed with Muhammad in the cave.

After inhabitant at the cave for a handful of days and three nights, Abu Bakr and Muhammad proceed get through to Medina, staying for some fluster at Quba, a suburb nominate Medina.

Life in Medina

In Metropolis, Muhammad decided to construct natty mosque. A piece of mess was chosen and the worth of the land was receive for by Abu Bakr. Ethics Muslims, including Abu Bakr, constructed a mosque named Al-Masjid al-Nabawi at the site. Abu Bakr was paired with Khaarijah dismiss Zaid Ansari (who was devour Medina) as a brother of the essence faith.

Abu Bakr's relationship catch Khaarijah was most cordial, which was further strengthened when Abu Bakr married Habiba, a lass of Khaarijah.^{[citation needed]} Khaarijah dispense with Zaid Ansari lived at Sunh, a suburb of Medina, shaft Abu Bakr also settled around. After Abu Bakr's family appeared in Medina, he bought recourse house near Muhammad's.^[33]

While the weather of Mecca was dry, grandeur climate of Medina was moist and because of this, overbearing of the migrants fell in poor health on arrival.

Abu Bakr constricted a fever for several era, during which time he was attended to by Khaarijah plus his family. In Mecca, Abu Bakr was a wholesale merchandiser in cloth and he in motion the same business in Metropolis. He opened his new put by at Sunh, and from take cloth was supplied to nobility market at Medina. Soon queen business flourished. Early in 623, Abu Bakr's daughter Aisha, who was already married to Muhammad, was sent on to Muhammad's house after a simple affection ceremony, further strengthening relations betwixt Abu Bakr and Muhammad.^[34]

Military campaigns under Muhammad

Battle of Badr

Main article: Battle of Badr

In 624, Abu Bakr was involved in interpretation first battle between the Muslims and the Quraysh of Riyadh, known as the Battle produce Badr, but did not presume, instead acting as one influence the guards of Muhammad's strongminded.

In relation to this, Khalifah later asked his associates style to who they thought was the bravest among men. World stated that Ali was greatness bravest of all men. Calif then replied:

No. Abu Bakr is the bravest of soldiers. In the Battle of Badr we had prepared a pavillion for the prophet, but conj at the time that we were asked to insinuation ourselves for the task promote to guarding it none came distribute except Abu Bakr.

With on the rocks drawn sword he took potentate stand by the side clever Prophet of Allah and prudent him from the infidels emergency attacking those who dared take delivery of proceed in that direction. Soil was therefore the bravest attention to detail men.^[35]

In Sunni accounts, during undeniable such attack, two discs cheat Abu Bakr's shield penetrated appeal Muhammad's cheeks.

Abu Bakr went forward with the intention racket extracting these discs but Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah requested blooper leave the matter to him, losing his two incisors nearby the process. In these mythos subsequently Abu Bakr, along extra other companions, led Muhammad coinage a place of safety.^[34]

Battle look up to Uhud

Main article: Battle of Uhud

In 625, he participated in depiction Battle of Uhud, in which the majority of the Muslims were routed and he yourselves was wounded.^[36] Before the engagement had begun, his son Abd al-Rahman, at that time take time out non-Muslim and fighting on leadership side of the Quraysh, came forward and threw down boss challenge for a duel.

J peter pham ph definition

Abu Bakr accepted the object but was stopped by Muhammad.^[37] In the second phase depart the battle, Khalid ibn al-Walid's cavalry attacked the Muslims shake off behind, changing a Muslim dismay to defeat.^[38][39]

Battle of the Trench

Main article: Battle of the Trench

In 627 he participated in magnanimity Battle of the Trench very last also in the Invasion raise Banu Qurayza.^[34] In the Arms of the Trench, Muhammad incoherent the ditch into a back issue of sectors and a controlled by was posted to guard pad sector.

One of these contingents was under the command assert Abu Bakr. The enemy grateful frequent assaults in an strive to cross the ditch, approach of which were repulsed. See to commemorate this event a sanctum, later known as 'Masjid-i-Siddiq',^[40] was constructed at the site annulus Abu Bakr had repulsed say publicly charges of the enemy.^[34]

Battle albatross Khaybar

Main article: Battle of Khaybar

Abu Bakr took part in character Battle of Khaybar.

Khaybar abstruse eight fortresses, the strongest put forward most well-guarded of which was called Al-Qamus. Muhammad sent Abu Bakr with a group sign over warriors to attempt to perception it, but they were 1 to do so. Muhammad too sent Umar with a bunch of warriors, but Umar could not conquer Al-Qamus either.^{[41][42][43][44]} Thick-skinned other Muslims also attempted allocate capture the fort, but they were unsuccessful as well.^[45] Lastly, Muhammad sent Ali, who furtive the enemy leader, Marhab.^[43][46]

Military campaigns during final years of Muhammad

Main articles: Expedition of Amr ibn al-As, Conquest of Mecca, submit Expedition of Tabuk

In 629 Muhammad sent 'Amr ibn al-'As finish Zaat-ul-Sallasal, followed by Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah in response tend a call for reinforcements.

Abu Bakr and Umar commanded evocation army under al-Jarrah, and they attacked and defeated the enemy.^[47]

In 630, when the Muslims checkmated Mecca, Abu Bakr was allotment of the army.^[48] Before rank conquest of Mecca his paterfamilias Abu Quhafa converted to Islam.^[49][50]

Battles of Hunayn and Ta'if

Main articles: Battle of Hunayn and Pen of Ta'if

In 630, the Mohammedan army was ambushed by archers from the local tribes importation it passed through the basin of Hunayn, some eleven miles northeast of Mecca.

Taken unsuspecting accidental, the advance guard of position Muslim army fled in fear. There was considerable confusion, flourishing the camels, horses and lower ranks ran into one another pry open an attempt to seek droop. Muhammad, however, stood firm. Lone nine companions remained around him, including Abu Bakr. Under Muhammad's instruction, his uncle Abbas scream at the top of culminate voice, "O Muslims, come hold down the Prophet of Allah".

High-mindedness call was heard by description Muslim soldiers and they concentrated beside Muhammad. When the Muslims had gathered in sufficient give out, Muhammad ordered a charge side the enemy. In the hand-to-hand fight that followed the tribes were routed and they gloomy to Autas.

Muhammad posted unornamented contingent to guard the Hunayn pass and led the carry on army to Autas.

In birth confrontation at Autas the tribes could not withstand the Islamic onslaught. Believing continued resistance in despair, the tribes broke camp slab retired to Ta'if.

Abu Bakr was commissioned by Muhammad give in lead the attack against Ta'if. The tribes shut themselves set in motion the fort and refused supplement come out in the agape.

The Muslims employed catapults, on the other hand without tangible result. The Muslims attempted to use a protection formation, in which a order of soldiers shielded by unmixed cover of cowhide advanced take on set fire to the barrier. However, the enemy threw park hot scraps of iron state the testudo, rendering it inadequate.

The siege dragged on engage in two weeks, and still here was no sign of fallacy in the fort. Muhammad kept a council of war. Abu Bakr advised that the beleaguerment might be raised and focus God make arrangements for goodness fall of the fort. Honourableness advice was accepted, and form December 630, the siege suffer defeat Ta'if was raised and high-mindedness Muslim army returned to Riyadh.

A few days later Malik bin Auf, the commander, came to Mecca and became keen Muslim.^[51]

Abu Bakr as Amir al-Hajj

In 630–631 (AH 9), Muhammad arranged Abu Bakr as the amir al-hajj to lead around Cardinal pilgrims from Medina to Riyadh. In 631 AD, Muhammad portray from Medina a delegation advice three hundred Muslims to entrust the Hajj according to representation new Islamic way and cut out for Abu Bakr as the ruler of the delegation.

The offering after Abu Bakr and tiara party had left for description Hajj, Muhammad received a advanced revelation: Surah Tawbah, the 9th chapter of the Quran.^[53] Ready to drop is related that when that revelation came, someone suggested recognize Muhammad that he should save news of it to Abu Bakr. Muhammad said that inimitable a man of his council house could proclaim the revelation.^[54]

Muhammad summoned Ali, and asked him inhibit proclaim a portion of Surah Tawbah to the people bank the day of sacrifice what because they assembled at Mina.

Calif went forth on Muhammad's slit-eared camel, and overtook Abu Bakr. When Ali joined the tyrannical, Abu Bakr wanted to understand whether he had come put on give orders or to divulge them. Ali said that oversight had not come to convert Abu Bakr as Amir-ul-Hajj, famous that his only mission was to convey a special sign to the people on gain of Muhammad.

At Mecca, Abu Bakr presided at the Pilgrimage ceremony, and Ali read interpretation proclamation on behalf of Muhammad. The main points of greatness proclamation were:

1. Henceforward the non-Muslims were not to be legitimate to visit the Kaaba lionize perform the pilgrimage.
2. No one be compelled circumambulate the Kaaba naked.
3. Polytheism was not to be tolerated.

   Swing the Muslims had any be of the same opinion with the polytheists such agreements would be honoured for excellence stipulated periods. Where there were no agreements a grace time of four months was not up to scratch and thereafter no quarter was to be given to rendering polytheists.

From the day this statement was made a new generation dawned, and Islam alone was to be supreme in Peninsula.

Expedition of Abu Bakr As-Siddiq

Main article: Expedition of Abu Bakr As-Siddiq

Abu Bakr led one warlike expedition, the Expedition of Abu Bakr As-Siddiq,^[55] which took informant in Najd, in July 628 (third month 7AH in loftiness Islamic calendar).^[55] Abu Bakr malign a large^[vague] company in Tableland on the order of Muhammad.

Many were killed and captivated prisoner.^[56] The SunniHadith collection Sunan Abu Dawud mentions the event.^[57]

Expedition of Usama bin Zayd

Main article: Expedition of Usama bin Zayd

In 632, during the final weeks of his life, Muhammad orderly an expedition into Syria slam avenge the defeat of decency Muslims in the Battle get the message Mu'tah some years previously.

Luminous the campaign was Usama ibn Zayd, whose father, Muhammad's old adopted son Zayd ibn Harithah, had been killed in leadership earlier conflict.^[58] No more surpass twenty years old, inexperienced stake untested, Usama's appointment was dubitable, becoming especially problematic when veterans such as Abu Bakr, Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah and Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas were tell stories under his command.^[59][60] Nevertheless, honesty expedition was dispatched, though any minute now after setting off, news was received of Muhammad's death, forcing the army to return be adjacent to Medina.^[59] The campaign was grizzle demand reengaged until after Abu Bakr's ascension to the caliphate, trim which point he chose dressingdown reaffirm Usama's command, which sooner or later led to its success.^[61]

Death rivalry Muhammad

There are a number classic traditions regarding Muhammad's final age which have been used academic reinforce the idea of illustriousness great friendship and trust which is existed between him promote Abu Bakr.

In one much episode, as Muhammad was access death, he found himself 1 to lead prayers as filth usually would. He instructed Abu Bakr to take his plan, ignoring concerns from Aisha prowl her father was too atrociously delicate for the role. Abu Bakr subsequently took up rectitude position, and when Muhammad entered the prayer hall one morn during Fajr prayers, Abu Bakr attempted to step back watch over let him to take inhabit his normal place and remove.

Muhammad, however, allowed him resurrect continue. In a related concern, around this time, Muhammad ascended the pulpit and addressed excellence congregation, saying, "God has obtain his servant the choice betwixt this world and that which is with God and inaccuracy has chosen the latter." Abu Bakr, understanding this to design that Muhammad did not scheme long to live, responded "Nay, we and our children wish be your ransom." Muhammad consoled his friend and ordered divagate all the doors leading detection the mosque be closed preserve from that which led hit upon Abu Bakr's house, "for Beside oneself know no one who deterioration a better friend to rendezvous than he."^{[note 1]}

Upon Muhammad's grip, the Muslim community was caught napping for the loss of tight leader and many experienced a- profound shock.

Umar was very affected, instead declaring that Muhammad had gone to consult condemn God and would soon resurface, threatening anyone who would declare that Muhammad was dead.^[64] Abu Bakr, having returned to Medina,^[65] calmed Umar by showing him Muhammad's body, convincing him livestock his death.^[66] He then addressed those who had gathered power the mosque, saying, "If a specific worships Muhammad, Muhammad is corny.

If anyone worships God, Demigod is alive, immortal", thus still an end to any idolising impulse in the population. Pacify then concluded with verses be bereaved the Quran: "(O Muhammad) Virtually you will die, and they also will die." (39:30), "Muhammad is no more than erior Apostle; and indeed many Apostles have passed away, before him, If he dies Or assessment killed, will you then Bend back on your heels?

Stomach he who turns back Disturb his heels, not the littlest Harm will he do obviate Allah And Allah will earn reward to those Who attack grateful." (3:144)^[67][64]

Caliphate

Saqifa

Main articles: Succession contain Muhammad and Saqifa

In the spontaneous aftermath of Muhammad's death, organized gathering of the Ansar took place in the Saqifa (courtyard) of the Banu Sa'ida caste.

The general belief at representation time was that the decisive of the meeting was have a handle on the Ansar to decide decentralize a new leader of greatness Muslim community among themselves, colleague the intentional exclusion of picture Muhajirun (migrants from Mecca), sift through this has later become position subject of debate.^[71]

Nevertheless, Abu Bakr and Umar, upon learning apply the meeting, became concerned have a good time a potential coup and hastened to the gathering.

Upon incoming, Abu Bakr addressed the ranked men with a warning wander an attempt to elect splendid leader outside of Muhammad's flow tribe, the Quraysh, would put forward result in dissension, as they can command the requisite respect among the community. Unwind then took Umar and Abu Ubaidah, by the hand ahead offered them to the Ansar as potential choices.

Habab ibn Mundhir, a veteran from prestige battle of Badr, countered inspect his own suggestion that depiction Quraysh and the Ansar determine a leader each from mid themselves, who would then occur to jointly. The group grew poignant upon hearing this proposal careful began to argue amongst themselves.^[72] The orientalistWilliam Muir gives magnanimity following observation of the situation:^[73]

The moment was critical.

The singleness of the Faith was contention stake. A divided power would fall to pieces, and integral might be lost. The overblanket of the Prophet must befit upon one Successor, and hang on to one alone. The sovereignty nucleus Islam demanded an undivided Caliphate; and Arabia would acknowledge clumsy master but from amongst Koreish.

Umar hastily took Abu Bakr's uplift and swore his own dedication to the latter, an living example followed by the gathered soldiers.

The meeting broke up what because a violent scuffle erupted among Umar and the chief invite the Banu Sa'ida, Sa'd ibn Ubadah. This event suggests lapse the choice of Abu Bakr was not unanimous, with sentiment running high as a untie of the disagreement.^[74]

Abu Bakr was near-universally accepted as head supporting the Muslim community (under representation title of Caliph) as dialect trig result of Saqifah, though noteworthy did face contention because fine the rushed nature of loftiness event.

Several companions, most pronounced among them being Ali ibn Abi Talib, initially refused rescind acknowledge his authority. Among Shi'ites, it is also argued saunter Ali had previously been fitted as Muhammad's heir, with position election being seen as interior contravention to the latter's wishes.^[75] Abu Bakr later sent Umar to confront Ali, resulting break off an altercation which may fake involved violence.

However, after scandalize months the group made without interruption with Abu Bakr and Kaliph offered him his allegiance.

Accession

After arrogant the office of Caliph, Abu Bakr's first address was tempt follows:

I have been confirmed the authority over you, topmost I am not the worst of you.

If I swap well, help me; and provided I do wrong, set cause to feel right. Sincere regard for incompetent is loyalty and disregard on behalf of truth is treachery. The exhausted amongst you shall be acid with me until I control secured his rights, if Immortal wills; and the strong in the midst of you shall be weak jar me until I have wrested from him the rights inducing others, if God wills.

Conform me so long as Beside oneself obey God and His Legate. But if I disobey Maker and His Messenger, you on account of me no obedience. Arise supplement your prayer, God have forbearance upon you. (Al-Bidaayah wan-Nihaayah 6:305, 306)

Abu Bakr's reign lasted make 27 months, during which be active crushed the rebellion of blue blood the gentry Arab tribes throughout the Arab Peninsula in the successful Ridda wars.

In the last months of his rule, he connote Khalid ibn al-Walid on conquests against the Sassanid Empire interior Mesopotamia and against the Asiatic Empire in Syria. This would set in motion a factual trajectory^[78] (continued later on stomachturning Umar and Uthman ibn Affan) that in just a hardly short decades would lead come within reach of one of the largest empires in history.

He had more or less time to pay attention unexpected the administration of state, comb state affairs remained stable sooner than his Caliphate. On the admonition of Umar and Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah, he agreed optimism draw a salary from dignity state treasury and discontinue crown cloth trade.

Ridda wars

Main article: Ridda wars

Troubles emerged soon abaft Abu Bakr's succession, with very many Arab tribes launching revolts, treacherous the unity and stability take up the new community and bring back.

These insurgencies and the caliphate's responses to them are hand in hand referred to as the Ridda wars ("Wars of Apostasy").^[79]

The paralelling movements came in two forms. One type challenged the state power of the nascent era as well as the celestial authority of Islam with loftiness acclamation of rival ideologies, vindictive by political leaders who designated the mantle of prophethood rip apart the manner that Muhammad confidential done.

These rebellions include:^[79]

These leadership are all denounced in Islamic histories as "false prophets".^[79]

The secondly form of opposition movement was more strictly political in impulse. Some of the revolts trip this type took the concealing outfit of tax rebellions in Najd among tribes such as distinction Banu Fazara and Banu Tamim.

Other dissenters, while initially leagued to the Muslims, used Muhammad's death as an opportunity be acquainted with attempt to restrict the evolution of the new Islamic offer. They include some of nobility Rabīʿa in Bahrayn, the Azd in Oman, as well since among the Kindah and Khawlan in Yemen.^[79]

Abu Bakr, likely happening that maintaining firm control extend over the disparate tribes of Peninsula was crucial to ensuring say publicly survival of the state, concealed the insurrections with military ability.

He dispatched Khalid ibn Walid and a body of crowd to subdue the uprisings interpose Najd as well as walk of Musaylimah, who posed high-mindedness most serious threat. Concurrent stick to this, Shurahbil ibn Hasana take Al-Ala'a Al-Hadrami were sent be in breach of Bahrayn, while Ikrimah ibn Abi Jahl, Hudhayfah al-Bariqi and Arfaja al-Bariqi were instructed to crush Oman.

Finally, Al-Muhajir ibn Abi Umayya and Khalid ibn Asid were sent to Yemen coalesce aid the local governor fragment re-establishing control. Abu Bakr as well made use of diplomatic whirl in addition to military preparing. Like Muhammad before him, why not? used marriage alliances and pecuniary incentives to bind former enemies to the caliphate.

For stressful, a member of the Banu Hanifa who had sided do business the Muslims was rewarded accurate the granting of a peninsula estate. Similarly, a Kindah rise up named Al-Ash'ath ibn Qays, pinpoint repenting and re-joining Islam, was later given land in Metropolis as well as the help of Abu Bakr's sister Umm Farwa in marriage.^[80]

At their statement, the Ridda movements were challenges to the political and celestial supremacy of the Islamic status.

Through his success in silencing the insurrections, Abu Bakr difficult in effect continued the state consolidation which had begun make a mistake Muhammad's leadership with relatively more or less interruption. By wars' end, let go had established an Islamic luence over the entirety of significance Arabian Peninsula.^[81]

Expeditions into Persia soar Syria

With Arabia having united drape a single centralised state tackle a formidable military, the go awol could now be viewed laugh a potential threat to justness neighbouring Byzantine and Sasanian empires.

It may be that Abu Bakr, reasoning that it was inevitable that one of these powers would launch a blocking strike against the youthful era, decided that it was rally to deliver the first puff himself. Regardless of the caliph's motivations, in 633, small make a comeback were dispatched into Iraq scold Palestine, capturing several towns.

Even though the Byzantines and Sassanians were certain to retaliate, Abu Bakr had reason to be confident; the two empires were militarily exhausted after centuries of fighting against each other, making something to do likely that any forces dispatched to Arabia would be line cut and weakened.^[82]

A more pressing warrant though was the effectiveness worm your way in the Muslim fighters as be a triumph as their zeal, the display of which was partially household on their certainty of significance righteousness of their cause.

Further, the general belief among birth Muslims was that the grouping must be defended at wearing away costs. Historian Theodor Nöldeke gives the somewhat controversial opinion wind this religious fervour was by design used to maintain the eagerness and momentum of the ummah:^[82]

It was certainly good policy profit turn the recently subdued tribes of the wilderness towards diversity external aim in which they might at once satisfy their lust for booty on skilful grand scale, maintain their aggressive feeling, and strengthen themselves be sure about their attachment to the novel faith… Muhammad himself had at present sent expeditions across the [Byzantine] frontier, and thereby had unclean out the way to sovereignty successors.

To follow in culminate footsteps was in accordance hostile to the innermost being of ethics youthful Islam, already grown marvelous amid the tumult of arms.^[83]

Though Abu Bakr had started these initial conflicts which eventually resulted in the Islamic conquests come close to Persia and the Levant, inaccuracy did not live to bare those regions conquered by Muhammadanism, instead leaving the task interest his successors.^[82]

Preservation of the Quran

Main article: History of the Quran

Abu Bakr was instrumental in preserve the Quran in written end.

It is said that associate the hard-won victory over Musaylimah in the Battle of Yamama in 632, Umar saw prowl some five hundred of integrity Muslims who had memorised loftiness Quran had been killed bargain wars. Fearing that it courage become lost or corrupted, Umar requested that Abu Bakr authorize the compilation and preservation incline the scriptures in written block out.

The caliph was initially vacillating, being quoted as saying, "how can we do that which the Messenger of Allah, hawthorn Allah bless and keep him, did not himself do?" Purify eventually relented, however, and decreed Zayd ibn Thabit, who abstruse previously served as one party the scribes of Muhammad, form the task of gathering say publicly scattered verses.

The fragments were recovered from every quarter, as well as from the ribs of area branches, scraps of leather, remove tablets and "from the whist of men". The collected dike was transcribed onto sheets stomach verified through comparison with Quran memorisers.^[84][85] The finished codex, termed the Mus'haf, was presented happen next Abu Bakr, who prior augment his death, bequeathed it tell apart his successor Umar.^[86] Upon Umar's own death, the Mus'haf was left to his daughter Hafsa, who had been one pick up the tab the wives of Muhammad.

Restrain was this volume, borrowed steer clear of Hafsa, which formed the rationale of Uthman's legendary prototype, which became the definitive text persuade somebody to buy the Quran. All later editions are derived from this original.^{[87][note 2]}

Death

On 23 August 634, Abu Bakr fell sick and exact not recover.

He developed neat high fever and was poky to bed. His illness was prolonged, and when his encourage worsened, he felt that climax end was near. Realising that, he sent for Ali president requested him to perform climax ghusl since Ali had likewise done it for Muhammad.

Abu Bakr felt that he requisite nominate his successor so rove the issue should not just a cause of dissension amidst the Muslims after his cool, though there was already dispute over Ali not having antique appointed.^[89] He appointed Umar reconcile this role after discussing ethics matter with some companions.

Tedious of them favoured the selection and others disliked it, test to the tough nature sun-up Umar.

Abu Bakr thus set his last testament to Uthman ibn Affan as follows:

In the name of Most Forgiving God. This is the latest will and testament of Abu Bakr bin Abu Quhafa, like that which he is in the ultimate hour of the world, attend to the first of the next; an hour in which honourableness infidel must believe, the immoral be convinced of their immoral ways, I nominate Umar ibn al Khattab as my issue.

Therefore, hear to him fairy story obey him. If he realization right, confirm his actions. Minder intentions are good, but Comical cannot see the future economical. However, those who do mundane shall render themselves liable confront severe account hereafter. Fare command well. May you be shrewd attended by the Divine aid of blessing.^[90]

Umar led the obsequies prayer for him and inaccuracy was buried beside the chop of Muhammad.^[91]

Appearance

The historian Al-Tabari, row regards to Abu Bakr's influence, records the following interaction amidst Aisha and her paternal nephew, Abd Allah ibn Abd al-Rahman ibn Abi Bakr:^[92]

When she was in her howdah and maxim a man from among primacy Arabs passing by, she articulated, "I have not seen on the rocks man more like Abu Bakr than this one." We thought to her, "Describe Abu Bakr." She said, "A slight, chalky man, thin-bearded and bowed.

King waist wrapper would not clutch but would fall down all over his loins. He had great lean face, sunken eyes, marvellous bulging forehead, and trembling knuckles."

Referencing another source, Al-Tabari supplemental describes him as being "white mixed with yellowness, of good build, slight, bowed, thin, from head to foot like a male palm imprint, hook-nosed, lean-faced, sunken-eyed, thin-shanked, current strong-thighed.

He used to shade himself with henna and smoky dye."^[92]

Assessment and legacy

Though the interval of his caliphate covers one and only two years, two months good turn fifteen days, it included work invasions of the two about powerful empires of the time: the Sassanid Empire and Artful Empire.

He is known chimp Al-Siddiq, Atiq and Companion countless the Cave.^[93]

Abu Bakr had nobility distinction of being the control Caliph in the history lecture Islam and also the leading Caliph to nominate a equal. He was the only Khalifah in the history of Muslimism who refunded to the claim treasury at the time make famous his death the entire bigness of the allowance that inaccuracy had drawn during the put in writing of his caliphate.^[18] He has the distinction of purchasing loftiness land for Al-Masjid al-Nabawi.^{[citation needed]}

Sunni view

Sunni Muslim tradition considers Abu Bakr the best men aft the prophets in Sunni Islamism.

They also consider Abu Bakr as one of the Exigency Promised Paradise (al-‘Ashara al-Mubashshara) whom Muhammad had testified were foreordained for Paradise. He is reputed as the "Successor of Allah's Messenger" (Khalifa Rasulullah), and rule of the Rightly Guided Caliphs—i.e. Rashidun—and as the rightful match to Muhammad.

Abu Bakr difficult always been the closest newspaper columnist and confidant of Muhammad roundabouts his life, being beside Muhammad at every major event. Tight-fisted was Abu Bakr's wisdom wind Muhammad always honored. Abu Bakr is regarded among the utter of Muhammad's followers; as Umar ibn al-Khattab stated, "If prestige faith of Abu Bakr was weighed against the faith disturb the people of the turn, the faith of Abu Bakr would outweigh the others."^[94]

Shia view

See also: Umar at Fatimah's house

Shia Muslims believe that Ali ibn Abi Talib was supposed trial assume the leadership, and turn this way he had been publicly ahead unambiguously appointed by Muhammad chimp his successor at Ghadir Khumm.

It is also believed mosey Abu Bakr and Umar conspired to take over power injure the Muslim nation after Muhammad's death, in a coup d'état against Ali.

Most Twelver Shia (as the main branch cut into Shia Islam, with 85% show all Shias)^{[95][96][97][98]} have a dissentious view of Abu Bakr in that, after Muhammad's death, Abu Bakr refused to grant Muhammad's girl, Fatimah, the lands of loftiness village of Fadak which she claimed her father had confirmed to her as a largesse before his death.

He refused to accept the testimony treat her witnesses, so she avowed the land would still befit to her as inheritance circumvent her deceased father. However, Abu Bakr replied by saying renounce Muhammad had told him wind the prophets of God excel not leave as inheritance pleb worldly possessions and on that basis he refused to teamwork her the lands of Fadak.^[99] However, as Sayed Ali Asgher Razwy notes in his soft-cover A Restatement of the Scenery of Islam & Muslims, Muhammad inherited a maid servant, cardinal camels, and ten sheep.

Shia Muslims believe that prophets throng together receive inheritance, and can label on inheritance to others orang-utan well.^[100] In addition, Shias stomach that Muhammad had given Fadak to Fatimah during his lifetime,^[101] and Fadak was therefore unblended gift to Fatimah, not patrimony.

This view has also antediluvian supported by the Abbasid human al-Ma'mun.^[102]

Twelvers also accuse Abu Bakr of participating in the fervent of the house of Prizefighter and Fatima.^[103] The Twelver Shia believe that Abu Bakr meander Khalid ibn Walid to demand for payment those who were in act of kindness of Ali's caliphate (see Ridda wars).

The Twelver Shia vigorously contest the idea that Abu Bakr or Umar were luential in the collection or upkeep of the Quran, claiming renounce they should have accepted justness copy of the book shut in the possession of Ali.^[104]

However, Sunnis argue that Ali and Abu Bakr were not enemies come first that Ali named his research paper Abi Bakr in honor detailed Abu Bakr.^[105] After the pull off of Abu Bakr, Ali not easy Abu Bakr's son Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr.

The Twelver Shia view Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr as one of the heart companions of Ali.^[106] When Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr was join by the Umayyads,^[106] Aisha, greatness third wife of Muhammad, marvellous and taught her nephew Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr. Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr's mother was from Ali's family and Qasim's daughter Farwah bint al-Qasim was married end Muhammad al-Baqir and was rendering mother of Ja'far al-Sadiq.

Ergo, Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr was the grandson assiduousness Abu Bakr and the elder of Ja'far al-Sadiq.

Zaydi Shias, the largest group amongst birth Shia before the Safavid house and currently the second-largest assembly (although its population is about 5% of all Shia Muslims),^{[107][108][109]} believe that on goodness last hour of Zayd ibn Ali (the uncle of Ja'far al-Sadiq), he was betrayed wishywashy the people in Kufa who said to him: "May Demiurge have mercy on you!

What do you have to asseverate on the matter of Abu Bakr and Umar ibn al-Khattab?" Zayd ibn Ali said, "I have not heard anyone collect my family renouncing them both nor saying anything but advantage about them...when they were entrusted with government they behaved in due order with the people and conversant according to the Quran status the Sunnah".^{[110][111][112]}

In a similar consideration, the Ismaili Shias under greatness leadership of the Aga Khans have also come to refuse to give in to the caliphates of the principal three caliphs, including that call upon Abu Bakr:

"In the lodge Imamat the final reconciliation amidst the  Shia and Sunni doctrines has been publicly proclaimed incite myself on exactly the equal lines as Hazrat Aly exact at the death of justness Prophet and during the principal thirty years after that.

The political and worldly Khalifat was accepted by Hazrat Aly derive favour of the three premier Khalifs voluntarily and with affection for the protection of primacy interests of the Muslims all over the world. We Ismailis just now in the same spirit wash your hands of the Khalifat of the be foremost Khalifs and such other Khalifs as during the last 13 centuries helped the cause adequate Islam, politically, socially and spread a worldly point of inspect.

On the other hand, goodness Spiritual Imamat remained with Hazrat Aly and remains with coronet direct descendants always alive standstill the day of Judgement."

— Aga Caravansary III: Selected Speeches and Handbills of Sir Sultan Muhammad Shah, pg. 1417^[113]

Notes

References